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Canadian Entomologist
VOLUME LI] 1921
EDITED BY
J. MCDUNNOUGH,
Entomological Branch DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OTTAWA, ONTARIO.
piTORIAL COMMITTEE:
A. W. Baker W. Hi: Brittain Pe Caesar N. Criddle A. Gibson F. J. A. Morris F. C. Treherne A. F. Win
Pauor Ementus: REV. GC. J..S. BE LUNE.
ORILLIA, ONTARIO. CURRAN BROS
1922
List of Contributors to Volume LIl), “fee
at OL RENSEON DEG: (CTP. Secccecovecassgetecoss UMIVGESIUY Oe LINIMNOIS secretin creteoeereereeeaet Cees Urbana, III. AURORE aaNet fe sec caaet.Censy tess ceseaconceores U.S. Bureau of Mntomolory ...cc:scc..ccresses- Washington, D ©, BOAR ra NV so cosssevercoyecersrecseseecs U.S. Bureau of Entomology HENCE SUNVALe McLee Ay a NESS aA os on acs oSavne sce cadens cavers aenbieiasranedososnaedouseaeteaneaevctemoea se eeemee New Brunswick, N. J. RENE CEMA SM AMINE Ae cel vgs cok or lets oUtedenstearecennacaccs seuss cavenacc ote eseeretteone tan tesecer na ones coon Toronto, Ont. PS MEAU IE) same EA racemes arns 2 Pasha naan as ceemnns tans ane tenaseaces os oases kaussenasiayacatanieecataeaescuamanccncn eceweveed Reyes soNa eM CSS UL CREGH Ye) SHEL seuss’ sceautwarscevlentonsacusdavenaccstesceanes gtanusunteraweccheesnersrenmebenerehwaagny Victoria, B. C. reo PEMD RNS OW). ove A ceacokctraustcqeus enter scsantnes we utdcrestcnd see dens wadeed se tnteui Recrvadanmesetars San Francisco, Cal. MAC MN ELVISAGIN SINS wiv c's i cesinap ih ancara st sacks tateqctevacds syapenses wenusdwecaccnedsenevsctdseverssenetuvncsseedser ene once Edmonton, Alta. Es nee er cach ay caso vaeecn areas cvcndveces Deis, National Museum act cccscseeetencsses prs Washington, D. C. MBENOL SENT WAM o dts oe atce aia chav sapevacvceceesescucswe Ontario, Agricultwral College <..............0...-.. Guelph, Ont. CHAMBERLIN, J. C. . Stanford University ......... Stanford University, Cal. COCKERELL, T. D. University of Colorado Boulder, Colo. RVING "ier. OG. Si. cteeveceesxeabunaecess Massachusetts Agricultural College ........../ Aimherst, Mass. MOMMURESSIREARONN Og cE ficra Gs rca af near as Sadccen ash aatiana Sates tenes ata tuacae’ «Xorunaae bey sane coe saa aasecetaeeed pobertaaele Orillia, Ont. PARLIN fee Ot os ons szkecist ostaascs en thcuaegaaai eis nascudensmeneodmense: Onas Sk nesta beeaeedtis hei segantoeen trick caw eenwOn Hazelton, Pa. DRUVA RUE Mn Lao tos seo xoy ssa sewaveenarscvstyccsves Ni \ 5 VLC VLILG OLE karst eraconann ceessvensorasaeeseal Albany, N. Y. BUBETTAUSN HOON > e ctescceccceece Sevecuks ice cascc once soe DoE Re TR OT ae ee Sean ao ete eae Rae Ames, Iowa FERRIS, G. Stanford University ....otanford University, Cal. MEGA ODN as RAE cre cpodscencevtyasene rics aantinthsdevevece cmees te cana nena cen tas ont cae neittes onan een aee ae nares Urbana, Il. RESUS De ter. A putea Rada we on caee ce oy a's a uuaticlo Oncaes ove onesies These EE Ree sean ec Cas at eR Tee e Eee Framingham, Mass. GIBSON, A. PNtOMOLO SICA aMCH! wecece-h cecce scree eareuccteasee Ottawa, Ont. USECOLA ELS CN FN SR CIR roe SR ee Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Fredericton, N. B. (eS MUST TSO) RAR DB See University, of ‘Wiashingeton sec c:-snccecateuryssreeue Seattle, Wash. LE CUES Bean Rn RR So State Apricnltona) College <crupcecsaleesesssene nee Manhattan, Kansas MARES LT yc g's saves -a com dtastoate Sosy see ae Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Vernon, B.C. PIES Tie eco sos. 00s oxaceneeacch erase ttre Dominion Entomological Laboratory ........ Vernon, B.C. PEAEMIETSE LN: JING a aco eves se nbesnphsventaas ous saalcossseeba ee woe dnee ces oReee Tate eR Ta CTE RRS. « aE Wilmington, Del. KNIGHT, H. University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minn. RMU TES AID) ON sev cccenscocsescocedttebeceees FeV. MUSOU ssc easciecacescecateessseaesacteeteumen eee Chicago, Ill. RUEESIROPEN TAURI AECGA SC)” Ss asic onus as Saaremaa new sa eaty «Pe csecltemmec dace easee es cece Wa be cid aos e eee cae Cae aE Arnprior, Ont. EMO CHEN, oala EUs yscexvascosseccssceeb@enues Umiversity. of sLilinols cescct-avecsces eerie cn eere Urbana, III. SINC CHEN Di. ETL. .3....0.....deeeee PMLOMOLOLI Cal MES TAMCN ies ceceppeceecsetedececnss steam Ottawa, Ont. TLC MILD BAS CRS a Ps mtate: College: fayccsrcccsetccrseteetccesesecsseesaa oes Raleigh, N.C. PIMOPECIRN A SMe <£o) =. FA sth el ave so Gast vatwnes an vane YAO DNER Teal ncdntes Menten iy Cope Pasar seet Praee EateT ene TEE ... Peterborough, Ont. COAT S108 0G 7S ER Se teh”: GO Gt a sccsactevats aces anssecteeet neues eco erters Northampton, Mass. ANNIE TSO Oz Beso sa od secre ap GvdaSey shaves e ss cue TE RRMRROpTeS Sant vaw sre eee EES Seer ees .. Durban, Natal. CUPL OS 0 THR se a ee A PICU tp al COMER tno: meessetssontcag cen nensnere as Agricultural College, N. D. STRICKLAND, E.. H. Eutomolopical ‘Branch vec.5.<ncessevcsescaversee ts Ottawa, Ont. RU MMEMMUIIN Ln Ca) AVE finn conn cease deawcs we xi aade ea Entomolopienl: iiran chin c...cscecerssscauee soars trees Ottawa, Ont. SA SLANGAULD LO, Gis, wubvnencancensavenerccdand Cawthron! (ins tint cassssactesseocescensscsed Sere eect Nelson, New Zealand. Seas UPL ia LDS, “2 Scvws pnesaseuscedetecuee Dominion Entomological Laboratory ....-.. Fredericton, N. B. SRMOARGE Key Eee Gh Os ELS ® ways sacs Sencpeuseeascuas twee Cornell SOMINGrSity csc. <cdvarsatoves /octeatecvesttsseves Ithaca, N.Y. MMU TS Dy eta Wan As sasccwei sues cdtveaerapards University. of Shovomntoyscwcsestes ccs sveccsevctsseres Toronto, Ont. TEES TS RR tha? 4h, SRN nC ERR State Entomological Laboratory ................ New Brunswick. N. J. WELLS, B. W. Raleigh, N.C. RMEICA UY WS, Maen neha TORE Pin n.< neat soso svccisl aaite ave suseaécaSe cos ees PE EE RE Se ae eee New Brunswick, N..I.
MPEITEHOUSE, BAG. \ncsyeceyss.ges Meee, 5s soe hkgbip io oi Tee Se Te ee Nelson, B.C.
Che Canadian Cntomolonist Vor. LIII. LONDON, JANUARY, 1921. No. 1
With the present volume the Editorship of the Canadian Entomologist passes into new hands. The retiring editor has for some years been conscious of the necessity for this change, owing to the increasing demands on his time of his University duties, which have made it difficult for him to give as much attention to his editorial work as it deserves. It is gratifying, therefore, to know that this work will pass into such capable hands as those of our esteemed colleague, Dr. James McDunnough, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, Ottawa. Dr. McDunnough needs no introduction to the readers of the Can- adian Entomologist. His numerous -publications on: the North American Lepidoptera, among the most important of which are the well-known ‘“‘Contrib- utions to tre Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North America’’ and the “Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America’? have placed him in the front rank of students of this order, and since his appointment to the Dominion Entomological Branch he has extended his activities in several other directions.
In resigning from his office the retiring editor wishes to thank his many friends among our contributors, whose services have been the main source of our journal’s continued success, and with whom correspondence has been both a pleasure and a profit.
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. THE LIFE-HISTORY OF A Hopsy Horse,*
BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS, Peterborough, Ont.
Part II. Boy AND MAN—SAPLING GROWTH.
You may easily guess how little London had of attraction for either Sly- boots or Merry Andrew; and instead of seeking after the Babylonish gods therein enshrined, we laboured day by day to recreate the childhood world of our delight. In this, with a fair share of luck and the help of some wise and benevolent elders, we were largely successful.
From the very first our young natures shied like roe deer at the city, snuff- ing the air and stamping uneasily? and this instinctive distrust we soon nursed into a wholesome hate that grew steadily with the years. London, we both agreed, was nothing but a howling wilderness, and for two reasons only could we ever be induced willingly to enter this arid waste; either to rush out at the other side of it on the northern express, or to visit the great oasis at the heart of the desert—the Zoological Gardens.
Yet another district did indeed form the objective of certain long and dreary pilgrimages, on which we were dragged periodically by the Olympians, to the National Exhibitions, those monstrous displays of human industry and
*Part 1 of this paper was published in the 49th Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1918, (1919) pp. 39-46. ; VU foot
2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
inventiveness; but these left only nightmare recollections of footsoreness and headache, so that the name of Kensington brought a bad taste to the mouth, till one memorable day when we discovered, patiently waiting just round the corner for us there, the great Natural History Museum, and at the door, ready to unlock its treasure-house before two pair of the most excited eyes in all London that day, our old Scotch neighbor, donor of the famous Peacock butterfly.
But for the ‘‘Zoo,’’ midsummer day itself was all too short, and this in spite of its having had long leagues of lee-way to make up in the affection of one of us. Asa boy of eight or nine I had been taken there once before, and the recollec- tion was anything but pleasant. We all have, even in adult life, our off-days, when we are at loggerheads with the whole world and the universe flies to 6’s and 7’s. At such times the boy of eight appears ‘‘possessed’’ and goes about not merely tempting fate, but actually goading the imps of vengeance into fury. On the wariest urchin that ever played in Tom Tiddler’s ground fall sooner or later humiliation and the heavy hand of outraged propriety. On this occasion our superstitious Scotch nurse, with grave shaking of the head, would have pronounced me ‘‘fey’’ and come nearer the mark, I verily believe, than the matter-of-fact Sassenach who declared ‘I had got out at the wrong side of the bed that morning. Whether I had or not I cannot remember, and all I know for certain is that things went wrong from the very start. Long before break- fast I sallied out into our host’s garden and tested the blade of a new knife on the stem of a valuable creeper that was being trained up the side of the house; from here I made my way into the barnyard and tried to teach some young ducks to swim under water, so that when ‘‘Joe’’ the farmhand came to their rescue, two of them were at the last gasp with upturned eyes. Finally, being dared by one of my cousins to vault over the widest part of the duck pond, I essayed the impossible; my pole stuck upright in the middle of the pond and I slid ingloriously down into a watery bed of chickweed and had to be rushed into the carpenter’s shop to be dried out, surreptitiously, in time for the train journey. When taxed by my uncle, on reports from the indignant custodians of garden and barnyard, and confronted with a long list of acts of wanton mis- chief—most of them undeniably a true bill—I burst out laughing in his face; it was then, I suppose, that the avenging Furies took me and the situation in hand.
Retribution came with anything but halting gait. Arrived at the Zoo, I must needs choose a Bactrian beast instead of the camel to have a ride on. Camels were too ordinary, we had seen them at the circus and they had only one hump; besides my brother had chosen the camel, so nothing would do but I must be hoisted up between the two hairy humps of this queer looking squeal- ing quadruped for my ride. But alas! the brute was ill-tempered and bolted from its keeper; before it could be rounded up I got pretty badly shaken and worse frightened. My brother witnessed this whole scene of my discomfiture with huge delight from the back of a docile camel, and his ill-concealed grins on my tearful return were more than I could stand. After fiercely denying that I had been a bit afraid, I managed to break away from the rest of the party to do some sight-seeing for myself instead of providing a spectacle for others.
Where all the jungle and prairie life of the tropics were gathered into a single park, one didn’t have to go far for thrilling adventures; indeed, one was fairly jostled on all sides by weird-looking foreigners, such as anteaters, tapirs,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 3
peccaries, yaks and gnus, and I had already had several very exciting ¢éte d tétes when I spied a heavily built shaggy sort of antelope—like an African wilde- beeste in the centre of a large barred cage, staring intently at me with full, soft, gazelle-like eyes; this gentle, melting gaze drew me to the bars in a kind of fascination, and the llama (so I found it was called) came slowly forward as though to be petted; suddenly, at short range, it spluttered out full in my face a deluge of sour-smelling bread mash—having secretly stowed away this am- munition as cud in the top story of its stomach.
Fortunately, there were no witnesses to this second humiliation and I soon regained my composure. But the rest of the day lives mainly in my memory as a long and dreary succession of disagreeables deepening into horror, in which screeching parrots, chattering apes, and the dumb tragedy of live rabbits fed to coiled staring serpents, figure prominently. On the way home, to cap it all, I had the misfortune to sit down in the railway carriage on my very latest toy, a box of gaily coloured tin ducks and fish that would swim about if you wielded over them the magic wand of a little steel magnet; the glass lid caved in, and two of my aquatic treasures, a green carp and a mandarin drake, met in fatal embrace that reduced them both to a shapeless crumple of painted tin.
However, that day of disasters had long vanished from the scene, and nothing untoward marred the re-appearance of the Zoo in our boyhood’s drama. And when we, later, discovered the South Kensington Museum, this formed an even stronger attraction, and many a happy hour did we spend in that fairy land of Natural History. Two other places we unearthed in London where it was just possible for self-respecting humanity to eke out an existence not wholly miserable. Ina dingy street of Camberwell where ‘Mourning Cloaks” (Vanessa antiopa) had once flown in the fabulous past, we discovered—sole survival of this age of myth—an ancient dealer in butterflies and moths, setting-boards, cork, pins, and nests.of little wooden ointment boxes in which to store our captures. Nearer home still, at Herne Hill, under the sooty arch of a railway viaduct stood a fancier’s shop with a most extensive assortment of pets, and often after school we would hurry over to make a purchase.
I don’t suppose we had any Quixotic notion of inoculating all London with the serum of rusticity, but we certainly made a most heroic effort to cure our own little suburban corner of all its ailments by a healthy transfusion of country blood; we fairly filled the back yard with white rats, mice, rabbits, Belgian hares, guinea pigs, and pigeons; while in every spare room and corner of the house itself we staked claims for swarms of tiny squatters; caterpillars striped and spotted, smooth, horned and hairy, butterflies and moths, dragonflies, beetles and spiders, were constantly escaping from their glass-lidded confines to disturb the calm of Olympus. We had even in one of the bedrooms an active industry of bird-stuffing and pelt-curing that has long mouldered away in my memory to a confused tangle of wire, cotton-wool, cayenne pepper and scalpels.
The district of West Dulwich in the early eighties still retained no small tang of the country about its atmosphere. There were traces here and there, within a stone’s throw of our house in unoccupied fields, muddy pools, and decrepid old willows, of what had once been a sparkling meadow-brook flowing past the old-fashioned residence of Rosendale Hall, which tradition averred
4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST '
had been the favorite hunting lodge of Queen Elizabeth; and, indeed, astride the back of that letter ‘‘n’’ in the middle of the word ‘Rosendale,’ the curious linguist may wing his way back not merely to the days of Good Queen Bess, when doubtless the place was still a valley of roses ae toa bine in Old Eng- land long before Chaucer when the plural of “rose’”’ was ‘‘rosen.’
East of us the wooded estates of Edward Alleyn, Shakespeare’s friend and fellow actor, were not yet all built over. There were still shady slopes on Gypsy Hill, and though the gypsies with their picturesque tents had vanished forever before a standing army of red and yellow brick houses, the nightingale still sought its ancestral home there among the trees each spring and made music in the land. Beautiful woods still flourished near the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, and an oak grove within the school playground itself, where the voice of the earliest cuckoo might be heard and even its elusive form spieds in stealthy flight from tree to tree.
In that same ground, quite close to the Chatham and Dover railway I got my first sight of gaily spotted newts in a neglected clay pond, and once caught in the long grass a beautiful green lizard. It was from here too that I gathered, feeding in a clump of small-headed purple thistles, part of a colony of Black- spined caterpillars to rear at home. The list of British butterflies is a very meagre one compared with that of a great continent like North America, and even of that meagre list quite a number of species were unknown in our part of Scotland. There was frantic joy in the house when these dark thorny cater- pillars, after a short pupation emerged into the most beautiful ‘‘Painted Ladies” (Vanessa cardui). One of the most amazing things to watch was the way they shot out a secretion of pink milk at emergence, squirting it over their wings to saturate them before the work of unfolding and stretching could be safely embarked on.
The whole neighborhood was largely residential; the houses all had gardens enclosed by fences of narrow oak lattice overlapping vertically and topped with a narrow coping of the same; shade-trees—mostly elm, poplar, willow and linden—abounded about the roads; many of the gardens boasted trees and shrubbery, and these wooden fences made a surprisingly good cover for insects at all stages; but, especially, I recall the number and variety of chrysalids to be found in the angle of the coping. We used to tramp the sidewalks for miles, running our eye along this groove by the hour, once in a while glancing down the vertical tines just to take the crick out of our neck and corral any stray game that we might have overlooked on the surface of the fence.
Among other captures made in this way, I recall the Goat Moth, the Leopard Moth, the Lappet and Oak-egger. The Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda) was a large dark-grey creature, whose larva bores in willow and poplar, has a lurid brown-crimson hue, an evil odor, and the enviable reputation of having been eaten by the Romans; we often saw the dark-brown gutterings, like trickles of tobacco juice, at the mouth of their burrows in the poplar trunks. There is in Ontario a closely related genus of the Cossid family in the common Prionoxystus robiniae, which I found abundant one summer on Trout Island in the Rideau and occasionally about Port Hope, infesting poplars more often than the locust tree; the Cossus itself occurs in two species of North America, Cossus centerensis, a small moth of the Atlantic States, and Cossus undosus of the Rockies. The
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 5
Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina) also belongs to the Cossidae and has recently become established on Long Island, as a borer in maple and elm. The Oak- Egger and the Lappet are both of the genus Gastropacha and closely akin to the moths of our Apple and Forest Tent caterpillars, all of them being members of the family Lasiocampidae.
On our next door neighbor’s hedge of lime trees we early took two prizes that filled us with delight, though both subsequently proved to be common; one was the handsome Lime Hawk Moth or Sphinx (Smerinthus tiliae) and the other the beautiful Buff Tip Moth (Phalere bucephala), whose gregarious larve used to crawl down in marshalled hosts to the fences and side walks; this be- longs to the family Noftodontidae, and is next of kin to the famous Puss and Lobster Moths, the extraordinary caterpillars of which were both destined to cross our path at rare intervals, throwing the lucky finder into transports of joy,
Over one of our own garden fences grew a dense mass of ivy, and here, at rest or on the wing we caught many new kinds of day- and dusk- or night-flying moths; the Yellow Underwing, Swallow-tail, Brimstone, Ermine, Currant, and Vapourer are some that I recall; the female of the last was wingless like a penguin, and the caterpillar a very pretty creature, though its tufts of yellow, and the red-and-black floating hairs that we admired proclaim it to have been of the ill-omened tussock brood.
A favourite pastime was net-wielding in the garden at night, and one of the most vivid of these 37-year-old memories is our first encounter with the Ghost Moth (Hepialus lupulinus): the male of this creature has a glistening white lustre on the upper surface of its wings and a neutral-tinted yellow-brown on the under; its flight is swift and irregular like a snipe’s; in its zig-zag course it presents, now the upper, now the under surfaces of its air-planes in baffling alternation, one moment a dazzling beacon and the next blotted out in some inky pool of darkness; had its position in space been constant like that of a fixed star, or its orbit regular as a planet’s we might have tracked it down with the certainty of the rotary lamp on Eddystone Lighthouse, but as it was it would twinkle here and flash again there with all the eccentricity of a runaway comet. Our final capture of this elusive will-o’-the-wisp was a supreme triumph like the landing of a first sea-trout' The Rev. J. G. Wood explains in his ‘‘Com- mon British Moths,” that it is on settling only that the insect disappears, but —experto crede—we knew better; while in full flight across an open lawn, at six or eight feet from the ground, it would often disappear and reappear in a single second of time.
(To be continued.)
APPOINTMENT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA.
Dr. F. C. Craighead, late of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., arrived at Ottawa at the beginning of the New Year to take up his duties as Entomologist in the Division of Forest Insects. The Branch is very fortunate in securing the services of Dr. Craighead, on account of his wide experience and training.
6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
DRAGONFLIES OF THE LAKE OF BAYS REGION.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D.* Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
The period from June 28th, to July 15th, of the summer of 1920 was spent by myself at Norway Point on the Lake of Bays. Considerable collections of insects were made, rather particular attention being paid to the Odonata and allied orders. A list of the species of Odonata taken would appear to be of interest not only as a supplement to Dr. E. M. Walker’s reports on the Odonata of Algonquin Park and the Go Home Bay region, but also on account of the fact that several species new to our Canadian lists were observed and the known northern range-limit in such instances considerably extended.
The Lake of Bays region is in general topography very similar to that of Algonquin Park or the Muskoka Lakes. Along the shores of the Lake of Bays proper few dragonflies were observed, but the smaller lakes and ponds proved to be quite rich in species. The main collections were made (1) around Black Lake, a small tranquil lake, just south of the Norway Point golf links, with heavily wooded, precipitate shores, except at a few points at the northern end where the ground was flatter and a considerable growth of sedges and water lilies was to be found; (2) at a small marshy pond on the Baysville road, which I have designated Brown’s Brae Pond, and which I unfortunately only dis- covered during the latter half of my sojourm.
Twenty-six species in all were captured; the following list is probably far from exhaustive, but will at least serve as a basis for further investigations.
ZYGOPTERA. Coenagrionide. 1. Lestes eurinus Say.
Four males of this unmistakable species were taken on-‘July 11th among the sedges at Brown’s Brae Pond. As far as can be ascertained from the available literature, this constitutes a new record for our Canadian fauna.
two
Lestes rectangularis Say. . One teneral male was taken on June 24th on a wooded slope rather remote from any body of water. 3. Lestes disjunctus Selys. . A series of more or less teneral males and females was captured on July 11th and 14th around Brown's Brae Pond. 4. Agria moesta putrida Hagen. Only a single female was taken at Black Lake on July Ist. Two males were captured on July 28th, 1919, on a road skirting the Lake of Bays east of Norway Point. 5. Enallagma hageni Walsh.
Common around Black Lake and Brae Pond, June 23rd to July 8th. A number of the males showed the fifth abdominal segment suffused with black for at least half its length, a feature not noticed in our Ottawa specimens.of this species; no difference in genitalia, however,
‘ *Contribution from Ent. Br. Dept. of Agr., Ottawa. January, 1921
10.
a
12.
13.
14.
16.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 7
could be detected between these darker forms and the normal one, which also occurred in the same localities. Enallagma cyathigerum Charp. (annexum Hag.)
One male, June 23rd, Black Lake; taken along with the following species. The genitalia correspond exactly with Williamson’s figure of annexum in Ent. News, XI, pl IX. Walker records a single male from Go Home Bay (1915, Suppl. 47th Ann. Report, Mar. and Fisheries Branch, 66) so that the occurrence of the species in the present region is not unusual.
Enallagma calverti Morse.
Both sexes very common in copula around the Brae Pond, July
11th to 14th; a fewspecimens were also captured at Black Lake in June. Enallagma aspersum Hag.
Ten males and one female of this dark-bodied species were taken around the Brae Pond on July 11th. The species does not appear to have been previously recorded from Canada, but the similarity of genitalia of the male specimens to Needham’s figure (Bull. 68, New York Sta. Mus., pl. XTX) renders the reference fairly certain.
Nehallenia irene Hag.
Common during the first half of July in the sedges bordering Brown's Brae Pond, but easily overlooked on account of the low flight and small size.
Chromagrion conditum Hag.
A single male was taken, June 23rd, at Black Lake. No further specimens were seen, although diligent search was made on subsequent dates.
Ischnura verticalis Say. Extremely common all through the season at both places.
AN!SOPTERA. Aeshnide. Gomphus exilis Selys. Common along the shores of Black Lake, June 20th to July Ist. Gomphus spicatus Hag.
One female taken along with G. exilis, June 28th, belongs apparently to this species rather than to sordidus, judging by the remarks of Kellicott (Odonata of Ohio) and Williamson (Dragonflies of Indiana) and their descriptions of vulvar laminz.
Basieschna janata Say.
One male, July Ist, and one female, June 20th; others were observed
flying over the waters of a shallow inlet of the Lake of Bays. Aeshna canadensis Wk.
Common during July around Brown's Brae Pond and vicinity but
difficult to capture. Three males were taken.
Libellulidz. Didymops transversa Say. Three males and two females were taken June 23rd, July Ist, patrolling along a moist road through a rather dense wood, busily
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
engaged in capturing mosquitoes. The species was not seen in any other situation. Tetragoneuria cynosura simulans Muttk.
One of the commonest species of the district and on the wing dur- ing the whole period of my stay. It frequents the borders of woods and open meadows, seldom alighting but tirelessly patrolling to and fro in search of food.
Cordulia shurtleffi Scud.
Not rare, early in July, on the edges of woods in semi-shady places; it is not a strong flier and is easily recognized on the wing by the bril- liant green colour of the eyes. Only males were captured.
Libellula exusta julia Uhl.
Very common in June and early July on the margin of lakes and
ponds, frequently resting on dead logs. Libellula incesta Hag.
Three males and two females captured, July 1st and 10th; the species was not uncommon along the shores of Black Lake, the males darting from their resting places for short excursions and returning to sit in their characteristic attitudes on either tree-trunk or twig. Walker (op. cit. p. 92) records the species from Go Home Bay; evidently it has a more widespread northern range than has heretofore been sup- posed.
Libellula quadrimaculata Linn.
Quite rare in this region; only two males were captured on the border of woods near Black Lake.
Leucorrhinia frigida Hag. '
Five males were taken, July 11th, among the sedges bordering Brown’s Brae Pond.
Leucorrhinia broxima Cal.
Four males were taken along with L. frigida. The species is fond of resting on half-submerged logs and is then not difficult to capture. The pruinose suffusion on the dorsum of the males extends in this species over the fifth abdominal segment whilst in all specimens of frigida examined this segment remains black.
Leucorrhinia glaciahs Hag.
One male, taken with the other species of the genus. On the wing it at once strikes the eye by the brilliant red coloration of the base of the abdomen.
Leucorrhinia intacta Hag. One female was taken on the roadside, June 20th, near the Brae
Pond. Apparently the flight of the species was at this time already almost over.
Sympetrum obtrusum Hag.
The species was just beginning to emerge, July 11th to 14th, at the Brae Pond. A single pair only was captured but later in the month the species would doubtless become commoner, along with others of the genus.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 9
SYNOPSES OF THE ANTHOMYIID GENERA MYD:A, OPHYRA, PHYLLOGASTER, TETRAMERINX, AND EULIMONOPHORA (DIPTERA).
BY J. R. MALLOCH, Urbana, IIl.
The genus Mydea as here limited is essentially northern in its distribution, most of the species being found in the extreme northeast and northwest, with a few occurring as far south as Texas, though rarely. Stein lists about 300 species in this genus, but very few indeed of the species so listed really belong to the genus as I have discovered by examining a great number of the species involved. Most of the species he lists as belonging to this genus from North America belong to Helina. The other genera dealt with in this paper have but few representatives in this country, and two of them, Tetramerinx and Phyllo- gaster, are unknown from the old world.
Mydza Robineau-Desvoidy This genus is distinguished from its allies by having the third wing-vein setulose at base, fourth not curved forward at apex, hind tibia without calcar, penultimate abdominal sternite in female with a number of short bristles, eyes of male subcontiguous, prealar bristle present, prosternum bare, face not buccate.
KEY TO SPECIES.
MALES.
1. Legs largely or entirely black; knobs of halteres black or brown except in SIE TCGCIT (iene SMe a ped GEC Bal ain: CSUR Fs RU ER, ssc apie fe AA AP Go ee eae 2.
Legs with the exception of the tarsi, and sometimes part of the fore femora, yellowish testaceous; knobs of halteres pale...........0.. ccc eeceeeeteeeeeeee 4,
2. Eyes with dense hairs; halteres pale yellow Re ata doe calvicrura Coquillett. ves Ware -Molieres Mack Of LOW... rein ce.-c: sucedregd satlba reeiaet.deteeecsnnseioe steed 3.
3. Arista with the longest hairs as long as width of third antennal segment; Mines sliehtly imiuscated, ThrOUsHOUE:. 00.0.2. .decitsdasasccteeseees obscura Stein.
Arista with the longest hairs not longer than its basal diameter; wings slightly brownish, the bases of veins orange yellow.......... rugia Walker.
4. Scutellum largely or entirely yellow, contrasting sharply with the colour OGMEISCIOL-ACNOLAK couge cttc Aan te so eh ae ae are emia aeceeeOk ke, oor 5. Pure COMOULEE AS CISe Ob ENOLAK oc c.-..-.s.c.gseemeae Meas d thes oceans ibeaclccsesee 4:
5.. Palpi yellow, antenne almost entirely so..................... flavicornis Coquillett. Palpi black, antennz almost entirely so.. ney VERSUS ATW A i
6. Hind femur without bristles on pc ieraventrs| Coeae. eeeent at extreme YS a SRA aa Ear EN RCS A 8 ea occidentalis Malloch.
Hind femur with a series of long, fine, rather closely placed bristles on apical half of posteroventral surface................0.::0060 pagana Fabricius.
7. Antenne entirely black; longest hairs on arista at least as long as width of third antennal segment; fore femora infuscated except in ASTI PISS OB. RIED ©. Oh ORE SE Bilin OEE ale RON Oe eA SOE AT, 8.
Second antennal segment brownish yellow; longest hairs on arista not as long as width of third antennal segment; claws of fore tarsus not as
long as apical tarsal segment; fore femora yellow....persimilis Malloch. January, 1921
10
10.
~J
oO
10.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
All femora largely fuscous; hind tibia with one strong and sometimes one weak anteroventral bristle; prealar bristle minute; wings not yellow
at bases.. Oe aR MIEN 8 es Re obscura Stein. At most the fake eae Sai Wieoka infuscated; wings yellow at bases, or dorsum of thorax indistinctly vittate..:....0°)2)).age. 2. 9,
Small species, 5.5 to 6.5 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with dis- tinct but not very dense pruinescence, the former distinctly vittate
only in front; prealar bristle very small................ winnemanna Malloch. Larger species, 7 to 9 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with dense yellowish pruinescence, the former with very distinct vitte.............. 10. Fore femora yellow; second antennal segment brown; prealar bristle one- third as long as the.one behind it.......2. ue discimana Malloch. Fore femora infuscated; second antennal segment black; prealar bristle over half as long as the one behind it.......000.0......... urbana Meigen.
FEMALES.
All femora largely or entirely ‘black.....)0....te.:2 ees eee 2. Femora reddish yellow, sometimes the fore pair brownish or fuscous in
AT Eo aie cce agiedecmee kt cddces nde aueipigty satis naples aaah sats Uae el ee 6. Eves distinctly hairy 05 Sint eee ee ea ee calvicrura Coquillett. Boyes Dares.) 2. fcisucekegkt censzv. beatae ae ee ee eee ace ce 3
Arista with its longest hairs not longer than its basal diameter..rugia Walker.
Arista with its longest hairs as long as or longer than width of third antennal SESMEN EC... cores vo. ssa dances al ale Ne ere nar tar Re ee Ae 4,
Third antennal segment distinctly less than 4 times as long as its greatest width; mid and hind femora entirely or almost entirely black or FUTSCOLIS 28a co osc vce sche apup: gc en nna ae Re enc 5.
Third antennal segment at least 4 times as long as its greatest width; mid and hind femora, and especially the latter very indistinctly
INETISCATEE eS: 0.05. .00.cisseehe php winnemanna Malloch. Calyptrz white; tibiz yellowish testaceous.............0...:..c00000 obscura Stein. Calyptre orange yellow; legs entirely black...................... obscurella Malloch. Scutellum largely or entirely yellow, contrasting sharply with the disc of
IMESOMOCUII |... coc cc ceccvek can alge su cnstelesleeth SIRRGES | OES nae ea t. Scutellum black, encnintene nth digs Of MESONOEMIM,.cc1.2no.aue eee 9.
Palpi and antennz yellow......::. 2... c.g vse. flavicornmis Coquillett Palpi entirely, antenne largely black ::.. jig ou .sseeie + eee a 8. Humeral angles of thorax broadly yellow......................occidentalis Malloch. Humeral angles of thorax coloured as disc..............c00000e--- pagana Fabricius. Apical segment of fore tarsus disclike, as broad as long; fore tibia with a
median posterior bristle sous aig ciaS 1 discimana Malloch. Apical segment of fore tarsus normal, Ba twice as long as wide.......... 10.
Arista densely short-haired, the longest hairs barely as long as its basal diameter; fore tibia with | posterior and 1 postero-ventral bristle armatipes n.n. (armipes Malloch nec. Stein).
Arista with long hairs, the longest of which are at least as long as width
of third antennal segment, or the fore tibia with or without one bristle seed! . cect saaee satan tyiee ee wate bile
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 11
11. Arista with its longest hairs barely longer than its basal
GREMERYE Cet 7 ek sal a eee Ae 2 i persimilis Malloch. Arista with its longest hairs, longer than width of third antennal SELES 17 12 yA OA ere 5. ha ee urbana Meigen.
Ophyra Robineau-Desvoidy There are but two species of this genus known to me as occurring in America one of which, Jeuwcostoma, occurs in Europe and in Canada and all over the United States, though less common in the south. The other species is con- fined to the southern United States in North America, but extends through Central and South America. The larve feed in latrines and in manure.
KEY TO SPECIES. cts ELISE UNG Sep MeO) SOLS SORE ales a Sette ae ARE I of UN he REM lain Pe EP ey a3 ae MR Pie Es AER hh cbse bic Scns autres wl och Seach cacigs: ek si PoME dR Cae RE Od aT akon es ee 3. 2. Hind tibia much curved, ventral surfaces with long, soft hairs which are longest just basad of middle; calyptre fuscous; palpi
|S) ET) RR SORE ReaD comic SSW eras rn Cl vo leucostoma Wiedemann.
Hind tibiz but little curved, ventral surfaces with decumbent setulose hairs; calyptre yellow; palpi ferruginous.............. aenescens Wiedemann.
3. Calyptre subfuscous, the margins darker; palpi black; hind tibia with 3 EO OpatleerOVetittal DTISHIES 20, <2..566000 yc cece: leucostoma Wiedemann. Calyptre yellow; the margins concolorous; palpi ferruginous; hind tibia with 1 or 2 anteroventral bristles.............0......0.... aenescens Wiedemann.
Tetramerinx Berg.
KEY TO SPECIES.
1. Legs black, bases of tibiz and extreme apices of femora reddish; abdomen with a dark dorsocentral vitta; face, parafacials, and cheeks white, almost silvery; wings milky, veins brown; hind tibia with three or iolmarnterodorsal, bristles, (ccc er il. Se we ee) unica Stein.
Legs black, all of tibia and extreme apices of femora reddish yellow; abdomen with black dorsocentral vitta and lateral spots; face, para- facials, and cheeks brownish or bronzy; wings slightly grayish, veins dark brown; hind tibia with two anterodorsal PUSS CIES new tet ee Ok A californiensis Malloch.
Phyltogaster Stein
KEY TO SPECIES.
2. Mid femur with some long, strong bristles on basal half of antero- and posteroventral surfaces; hind femur with rather widely placed bristles on entire length of anteroventral surface; abdomen with dorso- central vitta and lateral spots; mid tibia with an anterodorsal bristle. rete, cisstsassssseee.fOOUSta Johnson:
Mid femur without anterov iediteal jeera ie on my, half: hind femur with a few strong bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface; mid Piva: WHOL All ae terOUOESAL LITISELE s c1.6 4G. vad ccclile he senbeusee
12
bo
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Abdomen with dorsocentral vitta and more or less distinct lateral black spots; hind tibia with 1 anteroventral bristle; the pair of long bristles on basal portion of hypopygium widely separated, much closer to latero- posterior margin than to central cleft; processes of fifth sternite as Broad as Long... iinet beeen ee cordyluroides Stein.
Abdomen with only a more or less distinct dorsocentral vitta, the lateral spots absent; hind tibia with two anteroventral bristles; the pair of long bristles on basal portion of hypopygium rather closely placed, much closer to central cleft than to lateroposterior margin; processes of fifth sternite longer than broad:........ avi iien tenes littoralis Malloch.
Hind femur with rather widely spaced bristles on entire length of antero- ventral surface; apical genital segment with two strong thorns; scu- tellum with numerous setulose hairs on entire upper
SUPPACE voi fies. vedine des gostenecett ea nacttuk Juche tees oie’ seem ee robusta Johnson. Hind femur with strong bristles only on apical half of anteroventral sur- facets le “call cine naalsste fa chant ouch qed SEER Ce SER ae Neal oat fete ene Baca
Apical genital segment with two strong thorns; hind tibia with one antero- ventral bristle; scutellum with a number of setulose hairs on GUISE on ocap ov ozcpedtick heard cree ante org era eee cordyluroides Stein. Apical genital segment with four strong thorns; hind tibia with two antero- ventral bristles; scutellum very rarely with more than two discal SOULS. «etic vw coe ake etek ane eee ee ee ee a littoralis Malloch.
Eulimnophora Malloch This genus is represented by many species in Africa.
KEY TO SPECIES. Thorax conspicuously vittate; palpi and tibiz largely
VellOWish..: :. i...) gee eeew eel ec RVR eR ie Sea ea dorsovittata Malloch. Thorax inconspicuously vittate; palpi black; tibia black, sometimes yellowish at bases: 3) jcefocc cet eA ane oc 2.
Large species, normally over 4 mm. in length; hind femora in both sexes with from 3 to 6 bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface, the space basad of these with weak decumbent hairs.............. arcuata Stein.
Smaller species, less than 4 mm. in length; hind femora in both sexes with a series of short erect bristles, which are rather closely placed, from base to apex on anteroventral surface, the apical two or three much longer than the others. i...:..200 cs: eee eee ee cilifera Malloch.
Xenoceenosia Malloch KEY TO SPECIES. TNC nbn ace ccs cscsnsssusad Mousa sue gules sgete cco: Renee 2. WOMANS) eects cscs cs ssc sscnevsanedococestustensdbies te Oe Re ee 4, Large species, 4.5 mm. in length; abdomen without glossy bare areas on sides of third and fourth tergites; hind femur without dense, soft hairs on ventral surfaces, the antero- and posteroventral surfaces with long, black bristles which are unequal in lengths, the longest one on anteroventral surface about one-third of the femoral length from SR ee Fl sa} Zann badee tenes 0 Dee eon et ea major Malloch.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 13
Smaller species, 3.5 mm. in length; abdomen with a large, glossy, bare area on each’ side of third and fourth tergites; hind femur with dense, soft hairs on ventral surfaces, and with or without a fine bristle near apex on anteroventral surface, no other bristles on this surface........3.
3. Antenne entirely pale yellowish testaceous; apical scutellar bristle almost or quite as long as the lateral pair; one bristle near apex of antero- ventral surface of hind femur very distinctly stronger than the rather pmominventrab pale Waits / 22... 0.60502. oats: ee eR calopyga Loew.
Antenne with the exception of apex of second segment and base of third black; apical scutellar bristles much ,weaker than the lateral pair and shorter; apical bristly hair on anteroventral surface of hind femur hardly distinguishable from the very long, pale ventral BYU rye santo teva cst ies psec jackeere<Sucb dood, «033.45 ee REE aL LCI Se LOR
4. Hind femur without a bristle near apex on anteroventral surface, the one nearest apex about one-third from it...............0:.c::cce major Malloch.
Hind femur with a bristle very near apex on anteroventral surface............ 5,
5. Second antennal segment and basal half of third yellowish; apical pair of scutellar bristles little shorter than laterals............00........ calopyga Loew
Antenne except extreme base of third segment black; apical pair of scutellar bristles very much shorter than lateral pair............. floridensis Malloch.
ANNOTATED CHECK LIST OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF ALBERTA—ADDITIONS, 1919. BY KENNETH BOWMAN, Edmonton, Alta.
The following additions to my ‘“‘Check List of the Macrolepidoptera “ Alberta,” published by the Alberta Natural History Society (Edmonton, 1919) were made during the season of 1919.
The abbreviations are the same as those employed in the Check List. The numbers before the names are those of Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough’s “Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, 1917.’’ The numbers after the names indicate the months in which the insects have been taken. The capital letters are abbreviations of the localities of capture, as follows: E, Edmon- ton; R, Red Deer; G, Gleichen; P, Pocahontas; N, Nordegg; B, Banff; Bm, Blairmore.
33 Preris occidentalis calyce Edw............... PRL NS BS Ge oe 4 E.P. Sin Purvis pecia chacigi1s IMC ach ©: .s.0;..cuccioteasgtetten os 6 N.t+ 59 oe eriphyle autumnalis CKIl.........0...0ccccceee 0-8 E.B.N.R. 64 ce chrgshna pallida Cli 4.2... ae 7 N.R. ~ CRITI BECORICA SUED’ J; .2..\ js vorntorbrcnstdicnches tock 7 EAIN.RS ay eA Unis Leto Benes. xen eased, ...... aie teeta ees 4D; 185 ‘, DESC MORE ICG EElS iy ie citeL,\ 0: aman sate steals 7-8 P.N. 211 Euphydryas nubigena beant Skin...........0...cccccccceeseeeees ty, Es eh ne LES SID ai PECIECTISLS WIE sy cdit vss ey eae Sus sdeucenycasu dion silat) 7 &E. BO (i, Heodes hellondes florus Waid iis. s.. .0cc.scarsssecesse.ctausarecds ona 7-8E.N.R. Rony PE Seudohazs, eglagtering Bavieis..\. 0). se... eves Aeeeel 6 Bm. 1076 Melaporphyria tmmortua Grteocc...cc6 ccc seeccsaccseeecescecees 5 E:
January, 1921
14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
1a Heexoe witracia Moth xc AS ncinh ss fee thks. oh eae 8 Bm. 1315 ‘S quinquelinea lutulenta Sim... ).0) 0... tcc eatin 9 Bm. 1339 pent CEE PESTPUS antl MS Lie oSirae that... cattle. ei aa SuE. EME SU PCECOPE DF TICCU NSTI es ooo, Sed ase sate RR eee 6 N. Ping AGVOPlOnine fervrealis GEt iii ee eer ect ge ee 4 E. 2380 Luperina passer conspicua MOtt..............cccccceeie ip te Boles) MMT OrOlONGHE U1 SIMMS, 1.1005. eel ee ee 6 N. Nis, / Autographa diversigna Ottoliiec::....8.5 5h. ws aoereteees LIN INS. ie interala Ottel L252: Na 8 E.N. Saco Syneda allens sdxea. Hy. Edw... )../)).0..2:) ne nee 6 Bm. S012 ° Olene-wallings B. & MeDiiad.as..1.2c eee reek. B972 . Coryphista: meads- Pack 205, tet, See i Reeneke etae: Gor Bm. 3999 Dyssttoma cervinifdsea WIK...;.::..., eee aN. A017 Hydriomena renunciata WIK.->..03.. See ee 5-6 E. 4208 Eupithecia albicapttata Pack.........0....cccccccnecteesncccevsnsters gh si 4332 Phtlobia ulsterata: Pears. iin 0G. 2 ee GE: 4349 \ Macaria purcellaia Vayl 2.5.5)... ee TON: 4465 ‘GCaripeta. diwisata. WK... bo. es as ¢ Eh. 4489 Pygmena svmplex Dyer 6 ais. ese eat ene TNs NOS. Loxostese albertalis By & MED)... vata. cok Ce ee it G: 5032 ad commxialas: Wika. 2h te, Beane s ee as ae 6-7 B.N. 5051 Diasemia plumbosignalis Fern................:cce0cccsereedccceneesuess sls BUSS), 2. hiycienia fernd salts JADI eaten oe) eee mee Cu: Diao’ iPyrausta fumop eras Pistcte sence ee rer ee ee 6 E.
ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF DRAGONFLIES FROM THE OTTAWA REGION.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D.* Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
The following species of Odonata, not recorded in Dr. E. M. Walker’s paper (1908, Ottawa Nat. XXII, 16) have been taken by me this past summer in this region.
Zysoptera. Enallagma calverti Morse.
Common, June 3rd, at Mackay Lake, Rockliffe. Enallagma carunculatum Morse.
Not uncommon, July 28th on the shore of Leamy Lake, Hull, Que. Coenagrion resolutum Selys.
Taken along with E. calverti on June 3rd.
Anisoptera. Gomphus descriptus Banks. One male was captured along Meach Brook, June 13th, about 11/2 miles from the railway station of Cascades, Que. Gomphus spicatus Hag. Two males, June 3rd, Mackay Lake, Rockliffe.
*Contribution from Ent. Br. Dept. of Agr., Ottawa. January, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST L5
A
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF MELYRIDZA (COLEOPTERA).
BY FRANK E. BLAISDELL, SR., Stanford University.
It has been recognized for a long time that the species of Eschatocrepis, inhabiting principally southern California, possesses pale legs while those from the coastal regions of central California have blackish legs, and as a whole are more deeply pigmented. Casey has mentioned differences observed by him in specimens from San Diego and Santa Barbara. The following species is de- scribed at the present time:
Eschatocrepis nigripes, new species.
Form elongate. Colour deep black, more or less shining; antennz dark rufo-piceous; tibiz and tarsi rufo- to nigro-piceous. Surface microscopically reticulate. Pubescence short, sparse and more or less grayish. Head not quite as wide as the pronotal apex; front slightly convex, impressicns feeble. Second joint of the antenne subglobular, about as long as wide; fi'th jcint scarcely triangular, although a little more anteriorly prominent than the ccn- tiguous joints. Pronotum slightly wider than long; sides parallel, not strcn¢ly arcuate in basal half, broadly sinuate in the apical half behind the apical angles which are moderately small and rather prominent laterally; basal angles obtvs?, not rounded nor prominent; base feebly rounded; apex broadly arcuato-truncate and prominent anteriorly in middle four-sixths, laterally oblique and some- what posteriorly declivous to the angles; disk more or less impressed in the median line, submarginal line strong, surface impressed on the lateral declivity at the sinuations, punctures small and sparse, densely granulato-punctate laterally. Elytra scarcely wider at base than the widest part of the pronotum, about two and two-thirds times longer than the width at base;, sides more or less slightly divergent posteriorly, punctuation rather fine, scarcely sparse, surface very feebly rugoso-reticulate; apex slightly serrulate, apical margin somewhat explanate. Abdomen subglabrous, very finely sculptured, punctures denser and finer at apex of the fifth segment.
Male.—More elongate and narrower. Sides of the elytra scarcely divergent posteriorly, apex broadly and very gradually rounded to apex. Fifth ventral abdominal segment transversely truncato-sinuate in middle two-fourths of the apex, lateral fourths oblique and set with a row of stiff marginal hairs; angles rather prominent on their ventral surface and bearing a tuft of slightly longer hairs, intervening apical surface slightly declivous.
Female.—Relatively shorter behind and more dilated. Fifth ventral with a feeble but distinct, rounded emargination, angles raised and distinctly promi- nent on their ventral surface, forming the sides of the feebly impressed and declivous intervening surface.
Length 2.3-3.2 mm.; width .7-1.3 mm.
Type locality.—Sausalito, Marin County, California.
Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in my own collection. Paratypes in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
Habitat.— California (Sausalito and Fairfax, Marin County, April 26th, Leona Heights, Alameda County, May 5th.
January, 1921
16 _THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
It seems necessary to give the above phase a distinctive name, on account of colour, genital characters and other minor differences. It frequents the blossoms of the wild morning glory (Convolvulus); it is rather abundant. In Eschatocrepis constrictus Lec. the legs are pale and, as a whole, the insect is much less pigmented than nigripes.
Casey in his Coleopterological Notices, VI, p. 460, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, July, 1895, created the genus Eudasytes for three species which he~ deemed advisable to separate from Trichochrous, the essential difference being the rather wide, flat and horizontal epipleura, and the lateral margins of the elytra narrowly reflexed. The apical angles of the pronotum are usually stronger and more prominent anteriorly than in any species of Tvrichochrous, except a few species like sutwralis, for instance. I see no reason why Eudasytes should not be recognized as a valid genus. At the present time I will describe three new species as follows:
Eudasytes reynoldsi, new species.
Form broad, oblong, about twice as long as wide. Colour black; antenne piceous, more or less rufo-piceous in basal half; legs rufous to rufo-testaceous; surface rather shining. Pubescence not long, abundant but not hiding the body surface, grayish to subluteo-cinereous in colour and recumbent; pronotal margin fimbriate, fimbrie erect and of moderate length, not conspicuous; those of the elytral margin similar and obliquely directed; head, pronotum and elytra with stiff, semi-recumbent, sparsely placed and not long nor conspicuous blackish sete. Head rather small, about two-thirds as wide as the pronotal apex, sparsely to almost densely punctate, punctures moderate in size; surface broadly impressed just between the antenna, impression more definitely but briefly longitudinally marked laterally. Antenne stout, joints five to eleven subequal in width, subserrate anteriorly. Pronotum widest at base which is about a third wider than the apex; length a little less than the width of apex; sides almost straight and convergent toward apex, margin subexplanate with the adjacent discal surface almost grooved; apex broadly and deeply emarginate between the anteriorly prominent, rather wide, broadly and evenly rounded apical angles. At the angles the margin is somewhat reflexed and the discal surface distinctly grooved within; base rather broadly arcuate at middle, oblique laterally to become sinuate within the large, prominent and more or less everted angles which are subobtuse at tip; margins of the angles rather reflexed; surface quite deeply impressed within; disk quite strongly convex centrally and anteriorly, slightly impressed within the angles and along the margins, punctures moderate, separated by a distance equal to three or five times their diameter, denser laterally, surface almost separate within the angles. Elytra about a half longer than wide, moderately convex, but somewhat flattened on the disk; humeri prominent, dentiform, everted and obtuse, umbone prominent and rounded; margin somewhat explanate, finely serrulate, arcuately reflexed with the surface rather broadly channelled within, especially at the humeri, broadly rounded at apex, sutural angles rounded; punctuation rather sparse, much coarser toward the base than at apex. Abdomen densely punctate.
Male—More broadly oblong; pronotum broader and larger, basal angles more strongly developed Humeri broadly dentiform.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 17
Female.—Head and pronotum smaller, basal angles of the latter and humeri less strongly developed.
Length 4.0 mm.; width 1.75-2.0 mm.
Type locality,—Truxton Valley, Mohave County, Arizona, June, altitude 4,205 feet; J. A. Kusche collector.
Holotype, male, in my own collection. Allotype, female, and a male paratype, in the collection of L. R. Reynolds, to whom I dedicate the species.
Eudasytes grandicollis, new species.
Form large, stout and oblong, about twice as long as wide. Colour black, pronotum shining; legs rufo-ferruginous; antenne piceous, rufous toward the base. Pubescence dense on the elytra, sparse and not hiding the surface on the head and pronotum; cinereous, slightly fulvous with a subsericeous lustre, recumbent and moderately long, sparsely intermixed with erect pale sete, which are more abundant and blackish on the head and pronotum; marginal pronotal fimbriz pale, moderately long and rather close-set, those of the elytra longer, less fimbriform and not as close. Hairs rather dense on the body be- neath. Head moderately large; front not convex, broadly bi-impressed; punctures sparse and rather small, although somewhat coarse on the vertex. Antenne stout and not extending to the middle of the pronotum, subserrate anteriorly from the fourth joint, where the angles are rounded and somewhat tumid Pronotum large in both sexes, transversely oblong, less than a fourth wider than long; sides parallel, broadly and evenly arcuate, sometimes slightly sinuate or straight just before the basal angles, the latter obtuse and distinct; lateral marginal bead distinctly reflexed; apex broadly and arcuately emarginate, a little narrower than the base and with a distinct reflexed bead; apical angles prominent anteriorly, large, rather broad and narrowly rounded; base broadly and strongly arcuate in middle three-fifths, thence subsinuate to the angles; disk strongly arcuate at the periphery, less so in the broad central area, punctures small and very sparse, surfaces smooth and shining; a distinct submarginal, gutter surrounds the entire disk, rather wide at apex (male) and distinctly widened at the angles, surface somewhat impressed at basal sinuations. Elytra about a third longer than wide; sides parallel, apex rounded laterally but sub- truncate at the suture, angle narrowly rounded, marginal bead rather broad and reflexed, especially behind the humeri, the latter with a distinct umbone; disk moderately convex from side to side, punctures small, rather closely placed, surface somewhat rugose. Marginal gutter rather broad, especially near the humeri. Epipleura broad, horizontal almost to the extreme apex, impunctate and without pubescence, except toward the base. Margins convergent on the apical curve. Abdomen finely and rather densely punctate. Legs relatively slender.
Male.—Rather stouter. Pronotum large and heavy. Fifth ventral transversely truncate at apex.
Female.—Head rather smaller. Pronotum smaller. Fifth ventral broadly but strongly rounded at apex.
Length 4.0-4.6 mm.; width 1.7-2.2 mm. Type locality—Tonopah, Nevada.
18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST -
Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in my own collection. Paratypes in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
Forty-eight specimens studied. A moderate series was collected at Tonopah Nevada, by my mother-in-law, Mrs. E. C. Peek; a similar series was taken at Goldfield, Nevada, by Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher. The species was collected June 29th, 1907, from the blossoms of an undetermined plant.
A large species related to amplus Casey and oblongus Casey by the horizontal epipleura, which extends to the extreme apex of the elytra. Grandicollis ap- pears sufficiently distinct and inhabits a different region from Casey’s species.
Eudasytes hirsutus, new species.
Form oblong, about two and a third times longer than wide, moderately convex. Colour deep black and shining; femora nigro-piceous, tibia rufo- piceous, tarsi almost rufous; antenna rufous or rufo-piceous toward base and piceous distally; mouth-parts more or less rufous. Pubescence brownish-gray and sparse; subrecumbent hairs about a third as long as the long flying hairs which are bristling throughout, sparse and equally distributed over the elytra and pronotum; marginal fimbriz of the pronotum and elytra long, blackish and not close set. Head moderately large, front scarcely convex, feebly bi-impressed, with a small, smooth feebly convex area near the apical margin; punctures small, irregular and sparse. Antenne rather stout, subserrate anteriorly, angles blunt and rounded, last three joints noticeably thick. Eyes finely setigerous, sete short. Pronotum transversely oblong, about a fourth wider than long; sides, subparallel, slightly convergent, almost straight, feebly arcuate, anteriorly broadly and very feebly sinuate posteriorly, margin rather thick; apex broadly emarginate, subtruncate in middle third, not at all beaded; apical angles rather broad, anteriorly prominent and rather more than narrowly rounded; base arcuate in middle third, broadly and feebly sinuate laterally, margined and with a submarginal groove; basal angles rectangular to almost less than a right angle and somewhat prominent laterally; disk broadly and less than moderately convex, most so centrally, slightly impressed at the apical and basal angles, puncture rather coarse, sparse, denser at the angles, smaller in the central area, interstitial surface shining and glabrous. Elytra rather less than twice as long as wide, punctures sparse, not sharply defined, surface more or less rugulose: margin slightly reflexed, rather narrow and with a distinct but narrow gutter; sutural angles rounded. Epipleura horizontal, moderately wide, inflexed at apex at the beginning of the apical curve, inner margin evanescent without convergence to the outer margin; gradually widened from the humeral angles. Abdomen finely punctured, pubescence denser and recumbent.
Male.—Comparatively less broad. Basal pronotal angles more prominent laterally, tips not rounded. Fifth ventral abdominal segment truncate, some- times slightly impressed at middle of the apex so as to appear feebly sinuate.
Female.—Broader and stouter. Basal angles of the pronotum less prominent and slightly blunt.
Length 2.5-3.5 mm.; width 1.0-1.6 mm.
Type locality.—Tonopah, Nevada.
Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in my own collection; paratypes in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Twenty-four specimens
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 19
studied. Taken by Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher in July from the blossoms of an undetermined species of plant. |
Hirsutus approaches oblongus Casey from Utah. It cannot be the same. In the latter the apical angles are acute, pronotum finely punctate, frontal impressions pronounced, legs pale rufo-ferruginous, sides of the pronotum extremely feebly arcuate from base to apex. In hirsutus the epipleura are in- flexed apically and it therefore agrees with ursinus Casey. The specimens of hirsutus before me constitute a very homomorphic series and vary only in size. es
NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PACHYPSYELA CELTIDIS-GEMMA RILEY. BY HARRY B. WEISS, New Brunswick, N. J.
This species, which was described by Riley in 1884 (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash°* II, p. 74) is locally common in New Jersey, the nymphs forming galls on the twigs of hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). These polythalamous galls are de- formations of the young buds. They are variable in size and irregular in shape but always bud-like or subglobular and appearing as if formed by a conglomera- tion of small ncdules. Van Duzee (Cat. of Hemiptera, 1917) lists it as occurring in New Jersey, New York, D.C., Va., Ia., Mo., La. and Texas.
The galls are always formed on the new wood and in severe infestations almost every bud is deformed. ‘ Each swelling contains from 1 to many cells each of which harbours a nymph. A gall 2 mm. in diameter was found to consist of 1 cell; one of 5 mm. contained 7 cells; one of 8 mm. had 19 cells; one of 9 mm. contained 24 cells and another of 10 mm. had 22 cells. These cells | are grouped so that each has a part of the outside wall of the gall covering it. The cells are irregularly oval to subcircular in shape and vary considerably, depending on the sizes of the nymphs occupying them. Galls containing only a few nymphs appeared to have relatively larger cells.
Overwintering takes place in the last nymphal stage, these nymphs emerg- ing through somewhat irregular to regular elliptical openings in the wall of the gall during the last few days of May and the first half of June. These nymphs crawl on the tops of the galls and to the twigs and adults emerge shortly after- ward. During the first two weeks of June at Riverton, N. J., where most of the observations were made, adults were plentiful on the stems and leaves of hackberry. Feeding appears to take place chiefly on the petioles of the leaves and on the tender stems, the adults resting head downward. Copulation and egg deposition occur shortly after emergence. Females reared in a cage de- posited eggs before taking any other nourishment except that afforded by the dry stems, which was apparently next to nothing. The eggs are deposited on their sides on the lower leaf surface close to a vein or in the angle formed by two veins. Sometimes they are found on the developing shoots or in crevices around the bases of leaf petioles. They are held fast to the leaf or other sur- face by means of a short backward projecting stipe, arising near the basal end, which is inserted in the tissue. The basal part of the leaf, where the pubescence in the vein angles is thick appears to be a favoured place for eggs. Many eggs
are deposited singly and many in groups ranging from 2 to 8 or 10. January, 1921
20 i THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
It is not known how long it takes for the eggs to hatch. First stage nymphs were not found in the buds until July 20. At this time the buds were not ap- preciably deformed. From this it appears that over two weeks are necessary. After hatching the nymphs make their way to the small developing buds, crawling between the folded parts and locating in a spot between the centre and the outside of the bud. At first the young nymph is somewhat greenish, but later assumes a yellowish tinge. On September 1, or over a month later an examina- tion of numerous well-defined galls showed nymphs in all stages of growth except the first and the last stages. By the middle and last. of September many last stage nymphs were found.
The cells containing the nymphs appeared to be unevenly and thinly lined with a white cottony material. This material increased in bulk as the last stage was approached, and cells containing nymphs of this stage usually had quite a pad of material on that part of the cell directly over the back of the nymph. The hairs on the dorsal part of the body also were covered with the cottony down.
The nymphs collected during the season were easily arrangeable into 5 stages based on their size, but the exact number of instars is not known, due to the difficulty of keeping the same nymph under observation throughout the season. Brief descriptions showing development of the nymphs, are given below. The bodies of the nymphs of all stages are capable of considerable dis- tension, and specimens showing the same dimensions of the head and wing parts vary greatly in the sizes of their bodies, due no doubt to the amount of food in them at a given time.
In addition to the references to this species which are given in Van Duzee’s Catalogue, the following one may be noted—Felt., Key to American Insect Galls, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 200, 1917 (1918), p. 23, fig. 127.
Egg.—Length 0.8 mm. Width 0.1 mm.
Pearly white, smooth, elongate sub-pyriform, rounded at basal end and tapering to acute point at opposite end which bears a fine hair about 144 as long as the egg. Widest across basal third. A short, backward projecting stipe arises from near the basal end.
First nymphal stage. Length0.3mm. Width of head between eyes 0.1 mm.
Colour lemon yellow; oval, broadest across thorax, abdomen tapering slightly; body flat dorsally or slightly convex, segmentation indistinct. Antennz whitish, short, projecting; eyes red; median dorsal light line running through head and thoracic segments. Dorsal surface of head evenly and lightly browned, posterior to this area are 2 transverse light brown bands on the thorax and posterior to these bands are many fine transverse brown lines on the abdomen. Lateral edges of abdominal segments bearing minute spines; last abdominal segment terminated dorsally by a comparatively larger spine. Dorsal body surface bearing several fine, short, erect hairs. Outer surfaces © of legs lightly browned. Ventral surface lemon yellow. Rostrum extending to second pair of legs, lancets 11/2 to 2 times length of body.
Second nymphal stage. Length 0.4 mm. to 0.55 mm. Width of head between eye 0.18 mm.
Yellowish, broadest across thorax. Somewhat similar to first stage except that the dorsal brown markings are faint or absent; anterior margin of head trun- cate; sides of thorax arcuate; abdomen more elongate, sides rounded and extrem-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 21
ity abruptly tapering to point; dorsal hairs more pronounced ; abdominal segmen- tation more distinct. Legs»whitish. Sizes of individuals vary greatly. Some specimens suboval in outline, many elongate, some with greatly distended bodies.
Third nymphal stage. Length 0.7 mm. to 0.8 mm. Width of head be- tween eyes 0.26 mm. Form elongate.
Lemon yellow to orange with faint transverse dorsal markings. Antenne and legs whitish. Thorax subquadrate; sides of abdomen subparallel or strongly arcuate, with pointed tip. Sides of 2nd and 8rd thoracic segments slightly produced laterally and somewhat posteriorly. Extremity of abdomen brownish. Segmentation more distinct than in preceeding stage. Extremity of abdomen terminating in 2 minute spines or processes directed upward. Dorsal surface of body especially posterior portion of abdomen bearing numerous fine erect hairs.
Fourth nymphal stage. Length 0.91 mm. to 1.34 mm. Width of head between eyes 0.38 mm. Shape somewhat similar to that of preceeding stage.
Somewhat chunky. Colour lemon yellow with faint transverse orange markings. Last 3 abdominal segments closely united and brownish. Antenne whitish with faint brownish bands. Thorax subquadrate, sides of abdomen strongly arcuate. Insect widest across abdomen. Abdomen flat or subglobular. Wing-pads whitish, much more prominent and larger and strongly directed laterally and slightly posteriorly. Legs whitish, articulations dark. Hairs on head, thorax and abdomen more pronounced, those on abdominal segments long and arranged in transverse rows.
Fifth nymphal stage. Length 1.8 mm. to 2.3 mm. Width of head between eyes 0.6 mm. to 0.7 mm. General colour yellowish with faint orange to red transverse markings. Wing pads, legs, last three abdominal segments brownish. Antenne sparsely hairy, about as long as width of head and banded alternately with white and brown. Eyes prominent, lateral, red. Head transverse with an irregular brown spot on dorsal surface either side of middle. Thorax subquadrate in distended speci- mens. Wing-pads of meso- and metathorax extending posteriorly to second abdominal segment. Abdomen subglobular, sides strongly arcuate. Body widest across abdomen. Abdomen consisting of 8 segments, last 3 strongly chitinized, dark brown, terminating in a point; abdominal segmentation pro- nounced, except in last 3 segments which appear to be somewhat fused. Abdo- minal segments 6, 7 and 8, especially 7 and 8, bearing numerous minute tubercles each bearing a hair. Anal segment consists of a horny process bearing minute teeth or tubercles at its base. Dorsal surface of body, especially posterior part of abdomen, bearing fine white hairs. Legs brownish, light on ventral surfaces. Tibiz bearing several minute spines and hairs. Ventral surfaces of thorax and abdomen yellowish or yellowish red except for several pairs of median, brownish abdominal spots and the dark markings of last three segments. Rostrum extending to between Ist and 2nd pairs of legs, tip dark.
During the last of May and first part of June the dorsal surface becomes bluish green with orange to red markings. Together with the dark areas, this gives a very attractive appearance to the nymph. The abdomen swells, be- comes circular in outline, and the narrowest part of the body is across the Ist abdominal segment. The first 5 abdominal segments become bulged and slight tubercular processes appear on the sides. Many of the specimens measure 3 mm. in length and 1.8 mm. across abdomen at this time.
22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
SOME BRITISH FOSSIL INSECTS. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, Boulder, Colorado. Carabites scoticus, n. sp. (fig. 28.)
Elytron 5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, inner basal corner rectangular, margins very slightly convex except at apex and outer base; ten striae, not counting the inner absolutely marginal one, outermost stria marginal except near base, striae appearing sharp, but under a high power seen to be weakly and _ closely punctate; third and fourth striz (counting from inner margin) uniting at a distance from apex about five times as great as the distance between strie.
Eocene rocks, Island of Mull, with a series of plants now being described by Professor A. C. Seward. The beetle elytron, which is in the collection at Cambridge University, will be recorded in Professor Seward’s paper on the plants, but it seems best to describe it in an entomological journal. There are in the collection two other elytra, too imperfect to describe. One is at least very close to the above; the other is smaller, about 3 mm. long, weakly striate, and is apparently a weevil. C. scoticus is in general much like Ancho- menus fuliginosus Pz., but it lacks the series of strong marginal punctures. It is quite distinct from the Eocene beetles of the south of England.
This is the first tertiary insect from Scotland to receive a name, but J. S. Gardner (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., XLIII, pl. XIII) figured a much larger elytron and a hind wing of an Homopterous insect from the I. of Mull beds.
Pseudosiricidz.
Megapterites mirabilis Ckll. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1920), from the Eocene of Bournemouth, is the only Tertiary representative of this family. It is a large insect, the anterior wing about 50 mm. long. Its nearest relative, apparently, is Formicium of Westwood, from the Lower Purbeck of Durdlestone
— q Suh ee ay SS Sisex XanThus, a ae
a Te 5 é = OIALAK Cals fannicus, oe Casulihes
Fig. 27. Fig. 28.
Bay. The type of Formicium brodiei Westw. is in the British Museum, where I have recently examined it. At the same time, the type of Megapterites was re- examined in company with Mr. Tillyard, whose keen eyes detected some features in the marginal cell which I had overlooked. After careful examination in a good light, following Mr. Tillyard’s suggestions, I must agree with him that the marginal cell is closed and appendiculate at end, and has a cross nervure (in
the manner of Sirex) not far from the base. It also appears that the original January, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 23
figure of Formicium requires revision, and I give a new one, showing what can actually be seen. The dotted lines followed by ? are probably no more than folds or creases. Presumably there was at least one transversocubital nervure, but it could not be seen.
Comparing these wings with the modern Siricide, they are so close that it is not certain that a distinct family is indicated. Probably a subfamily, Pseudo- siricine, contrasting with the living Siricinee, would suffice for the fossils. Formicium appears to differ strikingly from Megapterites in the first submarginal cell, which is entirely separated from the first discoidal, and looks as if it be- longed to the marginal series. In Megapterites the first submarginal is broadly sessile on the first discoidal, as in most Hymenoptera.. The arrangement in Xeris caudatus Cress. is not very different from that of Megapterites, but Sirex gigas L. has the first submarginal separated from the discoidal, much, as in Formicium. The marginal cell in Sirex may be distinctly closed, as in Megapterites, or may be open by the fading away of the apical region. A speci- men of Sirex xanthus Cam. has the first submarginal touching the discoidal on both sides, and on one side the submarginal has a cross-vein, purely an aberration. But the most remarkable specimen is a Sirex californicus Norton, the two sides of which are very different, one having the first submarginal broadly sessile on the discoidal, the other having these cells separate. There are other abnormalities in the wings of this insect, but they do not concern our present problem.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO—ANNUAL MEETING.
The Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of On- tario was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thursday, November 17th and 18th, 1920, and was well attended, there being present, in addition to members and visitors from various Provinces and others from the staff of the College, several distinguished entomologists from the United States. The following members were present: Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany, N. Y.; Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Prof. L. Caesar, and Messrs. A. W. Baker and G. J. Spencer, O. A. College, Guelph; Messrs. A. Gibson, L. S. McLaine, H. G. Crawford, and E. Hearle, Dominion Entomological Branch, Ottawa; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.; Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que.; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, Ont.; Prof. E. M. Walker, Toronto, Ont.; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton, Ont.; Mr. Jas. Dunlop, Woodstock, Ont.; Mr: E. R. Buckell, Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C.; and the following officers of the Dominion Entomological Branch: Messrs. C. E. Petch, Hemmingford, Que.; W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont.; H. F.. Hudson, Strathroy, Ont., Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Man., and E. H. Strick- land, Lethbridge, Alta. Among the visitors present were Prof. C. R. Crosby Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Messrs. W. R. Walton and L. H. Worthley Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.; Mr. A. V. Mitchener, Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man.; Mr. A. H. McLennan, Dept. of Agri- culture, Toronto; Mr. R. H. Gurst, Dominion Pathological Laboratory, St. Catharines, Ont.; and Professors R. Harcourt, J. E. Howitt, D. H. Jones and J. W. Crow, Dr. R. E. Stone, and Messrs, C. R. Klinck, and W. G, Garlick, O. A. College, Guelph, Ont.
24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
On Wednesday a meeting of the Council was held, at which, among other matters discussed, it was decided to hold the next Annual Meeting at Toronto. A committee, consisting of the President, Dr. Walker and Mr. Baker, was appointed to consider the state of the Society’s finances. The general session commenced at 1.30 p.m., the President, Mr. Arthur Gibson, occupying the chair. After the presentation of the Reports of the Council and the various officers and branches of the Society, the following papers were read:
Notes on Leaf Bugs (Miride) Attacking Apples in Ontario—Prof. L. Caesar.
The Manitoba Grasshopper Campaign, 1920—A. V. Mitchener.
Some Phases of the Present Grasshopper Outbreak in Manitoba—N. Criddle.
The Influence of Locusts on the Ranges of British Columbia (with lantern ~ slides) —E. R. Buckell.
The Beet Webworm Outbreak of 1920—E. H. Strickland.
Paris Green should be discontinued as an Insecticide—Father Leopold.
The Present Status of the Hessian Fy in Western Ontario—H. F. Hudson.
Insects of the Season in Ontario—L. Caesar.
On Wednesday evening a meeting, in the form of a smoker, was held in the men’s sitting room of the College Residence, at which Prof. Lochhead acted as chairman. The two principal events of the evening were a masterful address by Dr. Felt, entitled ‘‘Some of the Broader Aspects of Insect Control” and the third part of Mr. Morris’s delightful ‘‘Life-history of a Hobby Horse.” Both of these papers were much enjoyed by those present. Dr. Felt’s paper was a very able presentation of his subject, while Mr. Morris captivated his audience by the charm of his language and delivery, and the fine scholarship and whimsical humour, which characterized his address. The meeting was enlivened by several musical selections played by the College Orchestra.
On Thursday morning the session was commenced with the election of officers for the ensuing year, with the following results :—
President—Mr. Arthur Gibson, Dominion Entomologist.
Vice-President—Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough.
Secretary-Treasurer—Mr. A. W. Baker, O. A. College, Guelph.
Curator and Librarian—Mr. G. J. Spencer, O. A. College, Guelph.
Editor—Prof. E. M. Walker, Toronto.
The following papers were then read :—
Further Evidence of the Effectiveness of Mercury Bichloride in the Con- trol of the Cabbage Root Maggot in British Columbia.—R. C. Treherne and M. H. Ruhman.
Some Further Data on the Cabbage Maggot—L. Caesar.
Interrelations in Nature—W. Lochhead.
The Control of the Rose Midge—W. A. Ross.
Discussion of the European Corn Borer. This symposium was one of the chief features of this year’s meeting. It was opened by Messrs. Arthur Gibson and L. S. McLaine on the outbreak of this pest in Ontario, and was followed by Messrs. L. Caesar, H. G. Crawford, W. R. Walton, L. H. Worthley and BSP, Felt:
Some Mosquito Problems in British Columbia—E. Hearle.
Wohlfahrtia vigil, A New Sarcophagid Parasite of Man—E. M. Walker.
Mailed January 3ist, 1921.
a
¥ ui 7 ot . q yee * ? _ Ware
CAN SES Noe Gem ee PLATE I,
PROF, E. M2 WALKER, M. D;
Che Canadian Cntomolonist
Vou LI. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1921. No. 2
RETIREMENT OF DR. E: M. WALKER AS EDITOR.
Owing largely to increased duties, Dr. Walker has found it necessary to tender his resignation as Editor of the Canadian Entomologist. When his esteemed predecessor, the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, found it necessary to re- linquish the editorial duties, the Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario was fortunate in persuading Dr. Walker to take up this work. Dr. Walker has served the Society and entomologists generally for a period of eleven years in a most faithful and painstaking manner, and as President of the Society I feel that I am voicing the opinion of all our members and sub- scribers in recording here our warm appreciation of his valued services during such a long period. Dr. Walker has enriched to a marked degree the literature relating to Canadian insects, and in yiew of his personality and his attainments he is held in high regard, not only by entomologists resident in Canada, but by those of other countries as well.
The duties of an editor are not always along paths strewn with roses, and for this and other reasons one sometimes wonders why any person is persuaded to edit a scientific journal. The true reason, of course, is a love for the work for its own value and the effort to assist in the general advancement of the science. Dr. Walker has certainly conducted his duties in a most pleasing and acceptable manner. We wish him further success in the important work he is doing at the University of Toronto.
As mentioned in the January number, Dr. J. H. McDunnough, Chief of the Division of Systematic Entomology, Entomological Branch,’ Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont., has been appointed Editor in place of Dr. Walker. Dr. McDunnough has a wide reputation as an entomologist, and the Society is fortunate in securing his services.
ARTHUR GIBSON. POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. Tue Lire-History or A Hospry Horse.
BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS, Peterborough, Ont.
Part. I].—Boy AND MAN—SAPLiNG GROWTH. (Continued from page 5, Vol. LITT.)
‘Slyboots and I had already suffered a partial separation; he attended a school at Gypsey Hill, while I was entered at Dulwich College. Among his teachers was Theodore Wood who gave lessons in Entomology, and it was at this time that we acquired his kinsman’s books on British Moths and on Beetles, and thus laid the foundations of a little library including Coleman’s Butter- flies, Atkinson’s Birds’ Eggs and Nests, and a work illustrating Spiders, Dragon- flies, Wasps and other Insects, which has long vanished, even to its author’s
name. 25
26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ‘
Among my brother’s schoolmates was one whose life ambition was to be a doctor, and already at. 15 he took his profession and: things in general very seriously. In the newcomer’s friendship I had of course some share—a jackal’s if not a lion’s—and was allowed to attend the séances held in a room over his father’s coach-house. These séances were mostly of a chemical character, accompanied by mephitic odours and ending in loud, glass-flying explosions. Various creatures, birds and mammals, were boiled down and their bony anatomy taken apart and then carefully reconstructed. His greatest treasure was a human skeleton, begged, borrowed, and bought piecemeal and with great trouble; it was far from perfect and some of the parts had been contributed (without their consent) by lower animals; it was not even entirely of one sex, and its age varied from a small boy’s to an old woman’s. This monstrous apparition occupied a kind of dias at one end of the attic and never failed to lend an atmos- phere of awe to this young Sawbones’ feasts of reason.
It was under his guidance that we made our way to quite distant points in the country side, Streatham Common, Epsom, stretches of the river Mole by Box Hill and Leatherhead, and Carshalton with its beautiful reaches of the river Wandle, subject of one of Ruskin’s most eloquent laments.. His favorite out-door hobby was fossil-hunting, and it was by that avenue that we were led to our first view of the chalk downs near Caterham Junction. We took train to Croydon and then tramcar a mile or two beyond. Here lay some chalk pits ~ in the side of a broad expanse of rolling heath. Many a long hour in the dazzling glare of the chalk did we spend, digging out sea-urchins, trilobites, ammonites, anemones, sponges, corals, and shark’s teeth from the walls of the pit, or raking over refuse heaps. And, of course, it was not long before we discovered how interesting were the downs that had covered this prehistoric chalk bed with new and varied life. There were numbers of stone-chats, and plovers, and larks about the thickets of gorse; once a hare being coursed, with backward-staring eyes, sprang full against my legs as it mounted the hillside. On the downs we captured several “‘hair-streaks’’ and ‘“‘chalk-blues’’ that were entirely new to our collection, and on the homeward trip one day we had an encounter that capped them all for thrills.
We had made our way down from the breezy heath into a hollow road with high, uncut hedges on either side, and presently the road widened out into two, an upper gravel road and a low wagon track, with a gentle slope of short grass between. Up and down about this turfy space went flights of the most beautiful creatures we had ever seen; they flew low and somewhat heavily, an easy mark for the net. The forewings were deep indigo-green with large spots of rich crimson, the hindwings entirely crimson, both pairs long and narrow, gently rounded at the apex. It proved to be the 6-spot Burnet Moth, one of the Zygenide, a family not very well represented on our continent of North America.
The astonishing beauty of these Burnet Moths in the sunlit lane has helped to impress the whole scene of this first encounter indelibly on the mind. Even now as I bend my thought steadily on this remote point of the past, every detail of the road stands out again like some invisible ink under the action of sunlight.
THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 27
The wild.luxuriance of the uncut hedges, festooned with bryony and traveller’s- joy, and gay with roses, the widening roadway with a grassy space in the middle, the flash of discovery, the eager chase, the triumph of capture, all comes back to me, even to the figure of the boy kneeling over his net in the turf, and presently, as the scene is thus unrolled before me, like something laid away in lavender and fresh from memory’s store-room, from its inner folds a most wonderful fragrance comes wafted to me over 36 years till the whole air is redolent with it, and I know that wild thyme must have been blowing all about that grassy bank where these fairy birds of Paradise were flying.
A rarer treat than all these trips of our own planning was a visit to our cousins in Chislehurst. This always meant a day teeming with excitement and netting us many a rare addition to our cabinet. The very moment we entered my uncle’s big kitchen garden on our initial visit, we spied the first real live Peacock butterfly we had ever seen, sailing down towards a patch of “‘live- for-ever’’; this bed of orpine proved a regular paradise of a hunting ground, where we captured Brimstone butterflies, Red Admirals, Tortoiseshells, and Peacocks in dazzling succession. Upon the enclosing walls of the kitchen garden were trained the spreading branches of various fruit trees, pear, cherry, peach, apricot and nectarine; and all about among the clustered blossoms and fruit hung bottles and other contrivances for catching insects; these were all carefully examined and several new specimens of beetle or wasp or moth or butterfly fished out; most of these traps were filled with liquid, and the lepidopters were spoiled, but here and there hung a kind of glass cage in which live prisoners could be seen still, fluttering.
After exhausting for the nonce all the treasures of this Eldorado we passed out of a postern gate in the wall to a gymnasium on the edge of a small wood. Here while rummaging about I discovered a great rarity—the only genuine English hornet I have ever clapped eyes on; it was lying in a clutter of cobwebs at the corner of one of the tall windows, stark dead, but a perfect specimen for the cabinet.
This first visit to Foxbury was, I really believe, unparalleled for the range and splendour of its captures. And before we returned home each of us had another windfall of luck to his share; Slyboots went hunting along a privet hedge not far from the kitchen garden, and presently excited shouts of some wonderful prize brought me tearing across one of my uncle’s pet flower beds from the heart of the shrubbery. An enormous caterpillar, striped and horned, of vivid green, was the cause of the outcry, and after gloating over it in envious admiration, I set to work feverishly searching an adjoining hedge. And fortune certainly proved lavish to both of us that day, for each took two more speci- mens busy feeding on the privet; they were all much of a size, though hardly of the same brood, unless the mother moth had laid its batch of eggs at widely different points.
In about four days they stopped feeding and pupated, but I cannot recall more than one emerging from the chrysalis as a mature Privet Hawk moth. Almost more wonderful than the plumage and spread of pinion of these miniature hawks was to watch the great larve feed and crawl. The skin was translucent
28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
and you could see the movements of breathing and circulation quite plainly under the surface. During the active feeding the creature, I recall, when handled, gave a decidedly pleasant sense of contact, being plump, firm, and of remarkable coolness; when full fed, the skin hardened and became opaque.
It was on this visit, too, that we found the nests of the Lesser Whitethroat and the Spotted Flycatcher, the latter cunningly hidden under the thatched eaves of a cow-byre; over our heads in the oak wood we spied the beautiful long-tailed tit, and at our feet among the hazels great patches of wild hyacinth— the English “bluebell,” so different from the Scotch flower of that name—the harebell. And on the way home in the growing dusk, as we passed down a lane between hawthorns and a chestnut grove, I was attracted by a rustling in the bushes, and presently the giant body of a beetle issued from the top of the hedge and launched itself into airy flight; the capture of this magnificent creature, an antlered male of the European stag-beetle Lucanus cervus) was for me the top-rung in the whole ladder of climbing wonders this day had lifted up before us.
We did not often make a visit to Chislehurst, but whenever we went we added some treasure of discovery. One showery afternoon I remember, I found clinging to the long grass blades in a hay-meadow my first specimens of the Orange-tip butterfly, and the Marbled White, an insect unknown in Scotland; again, on a brilliant day of July, just after lunch, I spied among the oaks a Purple Emperor, and after more than an hour’s anxious watching was able to seize a lucky instant of its powerful flight and sweep it into the net from near the base of its imperial throne. These oak woods were a favorite haunt of the Night-jar or Goat-sucker, and on warm summer nights I often lay awake listening to the prolonged churring music of the bird; a sound that haunts the memory as lingeringly as the note of the Perthshire corncrake or the weird challenge of our Whip-poor-Will, its néxt of kin on this continent. Like the Night Hawk and the Whip-poor-Will, the bird rests lengthwise on the limb of a tree, and so perched, spins out its long-drawn purring monotone; the slightly ventriloquial character of the sound, they say, is due to the bird turning its head this way and that while singing. The structural affinity of these three birds and their kinship with the Swifts lent a double interest to my first meeting with the two American cousins of our British Night-Jar.
Before we had been three years in England, Slyboots set sail for Australia, and Merry Andrew was thrown once more on his own resources. School studies had already begun to claim most of my spare time, and the collection made little progress; once I captured a magnificent Muskbeetle, the only Longicorn with which I was familiar as a boy; once a visit to the South coast brought me into contact with the Clouded Yellow butterfly, whose powerful flight and wariness taxed all one’s skill with the net; and a stay near Oxford secured me three or four new species of dragon-fly. But the boyish interest in collecting waned fast, and when our whole cabinet was stolen from a warehouse at Malvern during my freshman year at Oxford, regret at the loss of all these treasures so laboriously gathered‘and so lovingly guarded was deplorably quick in the passing.
(To be continued.)
‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 29
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE LARVA OF STHENOPIS THULE STRECKER.
BY. 3. M. SWAINE, Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
(Continued from p. 283, Vol. LII.) COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE LARVAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN LEPIDOPTERA.
A Summary.
A comparison of the nervous system of the larve of the Jugatz with that of other caterpillars of the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera reveals several in- teresting conditions, two of which appear to have special significance.
It is not proposed to generalize too freely from the results of these few dissections, but rather to suggest that the well defined differences in the larval nervous system may be worth more exhaustive treatment in connection with the study of the phylogeny of the group. It may be that the larval nervous system in the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera has been less modified throughout the evolution of the groups than has any other organ of either larva or adult, and since the characters exhibited are so distinct that in some cases genera and even species may be determined from them, the evidence they present must be of value. Dissections of determined larve throughout the Trichoptera and in the lepidopterous families Nepticulidee and Prodoxide, examples of which were not available to me at the time, should prove of special interest.
The Lepidoptera were divided by Professor Comstock into two sub-orders, the Frenate and the Jugate, the latter comprising the two families Hepialide and Micropterygide. Judged by the characters of the adult the members of the Jugatez were considered to be the most primitive of the Lepidoptera; and the study of the pupa! wing-venation of Sthenopis thule by Dr. MacGillivray supports this view. The most recent catalogues of the North American Lepi- doptera do not recognize this subdivision into Frenate and Jugate but place the families Hepialida and Micropterygide as the lowest of the order. Still more recently the Micropterygide have been included with the Trichoptera.
It is, therefore, of considerable interest to find that the larval nervous system of Sthenopis and of one species of the Micropterygide are closely similar in the two most prominent characters and are far more widely separated from all the Frenatz, as represented in our dissections, than are any two families of these so-called higher Lepidoptera from each other; that in one respect at least they are much more highly modified; and, further, that the larval nervous system of the Trichoptera agrees most closely in these characters with the higher families of the Frenate.
The larval stages of the primitive stock from which both Lepidoptera and Trichoptera have descended must surely have had a nervous system of a primi- tive type, and from this the nervous systems of our modern caterpillars and caddice-fly larvae must have been derived.
Since the nervous system of primitive insects apparently included a double chain of ganglia, longitudinal connectives and transverse commissures through- eut the length of the thorax and abdomen, with at least one pair of ganglia in
each abdominal segment, evidence of advanced modification should be indicated February, 1921
30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
by cephalization of the abdominal ganglia and by adhesion and fusion of the longitudinal connectives. We should, therefore, expect to find the Jugate exhibiting a tendency towards retaining a larger number of abdominal ganglia and showing a lesser degree of fusion of the connectives, with the opposite tendencies becoming more strongly marked in the higher families of the Frenate. In the Rhopalocera at least we should expect to find a decided advance over the condition found in the Jugata. The actual condition is that the Jugate have one more abdominal ganglion, and are in that respect more primitive; but, on the other hand, they are infinitely more highly modified in that both the thoracic and abdominal connectives are completely fused for their entire length.
It is usually assumed that the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera are closely related in origin, and that the latter approximate more nearly to the original ancestral type from which both orders have apparently arisen. We should, therefore, expect the larval nervous system of the caddice flies to be more nearly like that of the lowest families of the Lepidoptera. It is interesting to find that the exact opposite is the case; the Caddice flies, as represented by the species dissected, approximate most closely in this regard to the Rhopalocera, and the Hepialide and Micropterygide stand out together remarkably distinct from both the Frenate and the Trichoptera.
In all the Frenatze the connectives in the last two thoracic segments are widely separated, with the oblique muscles passing out between them. This, supposedly a primitive character, is especially prominent in the Rhopalocera, but occurs throughout the subfamily. Even in the abdomen the double origin of the connectives is indicated by an impressed median line, apparently through- out the Rhopalocera, in the Sphingide, and variably in other families of the Frenate. Inthe Jugate, however, as represented by the two species of Sthenopis and the eriocranid I have studied, these connectives are absolutely fused through- out the thorax as well as in the abdomen. When it is considered that this modification also involves a great alteration in the relations between the con- nectives and the oblique muscles of the thorax, it would appear that these | larve of the Jugatz are in this important character very much more highly modified than any of the Frenate.
On the other hand, the larve of all the Frenataz appear to be more highly modified than those of the Jugate in that they have only seven abdominal ganglia in the ventral chain, although the last, the seventh, is always evidently composite, and in some groups partly divided into two ganglia. In Sthenopis, and also in the eriocranid dissected, there are eight abdominal ganglia, the last evidently composite.
The Trichopterous larve dissected have only seven abdominal ganglia and have the connectives in the thorax widely separated throughout their length, much as in the Rhopalocera.
The highly modified condition of the thoracic connectives indicates that the Jugatz were separated from the main stock, from which the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera were derived, at a very early period, even before the separa- tion of the Trichoptera and, following a different line of development, have retained markedly primitive characters in the wing-venation of the adult and ~ the eight distinct abdominal ganglia in the ventral chain of the larva, although
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NERVOUS SYSTEM OF LEPIDOPTERA. (See page 34.)
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST al
passing far beyond all others of their kin in the degree of fusion of the con- nectives in the larval nervous chain.
Further Details of a Few Dissections-
The nervous system was examined in a series of caterpillars representing all the families available at the time. A brief outline of a few examinations will be sufficient for the present purpose.
Papilio polyxenes Fabr. Plate II, Figs. 1 and 2.
The condition shown in the figures appeared to be general in the butter- flies. The thoracic connectives are widely separated throughout with the oblique muscles passing between them in the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments, with a lateral nerve from the connectives of all three thoracic segments. The abdominal connectives are separated for a considerable distance in front of each ganglion and their double origin is indicated on the remaining part by a strongly impressed median line. There are seven abdominal ganglia, with the last longer than wide, but not constricted, indicating its double origin only by the number of nerves to which it gives rise.
Ceratomia amyntor Hbn. Plate II, Figs. 5 and 6.
The infracesophageal ganglion is thick and shows traces of an impressed median line. The connectives between that and the Ist thoracic ganglion are longer than in Sthenopis thule and distinctly separated, though adjacent. Be- tween the Ist and 2nd thoracic ganglia the connectives are widely separated, except for a short distance behind the first ganglion, where they are adjacent. They are distinctly separated at their insertion into the 2nd ganglion. The connectives between the 2nd and 3rd thoracic ganglia are as those between the Ist and 2nd. Those between the succeeding ganglia are adjacent, but distinctly separated. This is a condition far removed from that in S. thule with an almost solid ventral cord.
Distinct nerves from the connectives are found between the Ist and 2nd and the 2nd and 3rd thoracic ganglia, but not elsewhere. They are connected with the transverse branches of the median nerves and with the first pair of nerves from the ganglia. The development of the median system is indicated sufficiently for the present purpose in the figure; as usual, it is most highly developed in the thorax. The last ganglion, the 7th abdominal, is elongate and evidently constricted. ;
Sphinx kalmie S. and A. ;
The ventral cord is similar to that figured for Ceratomia, except that the connectives are adjacent in the thoracic segments for almost the cephalic half of their length, and the abdominal connectives are much more completely fused, though still showing a median line. The median and connective nerves of the 3rd thoracic segment are complex, as in Ceratomia. The last ganglion is evi- dently complex, with a distinct constriction.
Sphinx drupiferarum S. and A.
The connectives are more slender in the abdomen than in Ceratomia, but still showing everywhere the median line which indicates their double origin. Those of the lst abdominal segment are about three times the length of the
32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
lst abdominal ganglion, and with the median line very heavily impressed. Those of the 7th abdominal segment are distinctly separated on both the cephalic and caudal thirds of their length. The last ganglionic mass, in the 7th seg- ment, is in the form of two distinct ganglia, the last, or 8th, being separated from the 7th by extremely short but evident connectives. Tropea luna L. Plate II, Figs. 8 and 4.
The connectives of the Ist thoracic segment are extremely short; the abdo- minal connectives are impressed along the middle line, and the thoracic con- nectives are fused for a short distance behind the Ist and 2nd thoracic ganglia.
Eacles imperialis Drury.
The connectives are widely separated between the subcesophageal and the first thoracic ganglia, widely separated on the caudal half only and adjacent _in front in the 2nd and 38rd thoracic segments. In the abdomen the connectives are slender and completely fused except for a narrow but complete separation for a short distance in front of the ganglia. The median line can rarely be traced throughout the length in the abdominal connectives. This condition is in sharp contrast to that found in the Sphingide. The last ganglion is very elongate but only feebly constricted at the middle. The median nerve in the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments is extremely complex.
Schizura concinna S. and A.
In Schizura the connectives between the subcesophageal and the 1st thoracic ganglion are short, hardly longer than the Ist thoracic, but separate and ap- parently without nerves; these latter appear to arise from the Ist ganglion. The connectives between the Ist and 2nd thoracic ganglia are united for the cephalic half and widely separated on the caudal half, with the usual nerve from each side and the oblique muscles emerging between the connectives. The median nerve of this segment is well developed and branches about one- third the distance in front of the 2nd thoracic. The connectives between the 2nd and 3rd thoracic ganglia are widely separated for the entire length, and the median nerves separate about one-third the distance behind the 2nd ganglion. The connectives of the abdominal segments are united, although the median line of union is visible and the two are distinct immediately cephalad of each ganglion. The last two ganglia are closely connected, without visible con- nectives, but recognizable as two ganglia.
Datana ministra Drury.
_ The connectives between the subcesophageal and the first thoracic ganglion are distinctly separated and slightly longer than the first ganglion. The next pair of connectives are separated, except for the cephalic eighth or less, and dis- tinctly separated behind at their insertion; the connective nerves arise very close to the ganglion, less than one-half its diameter from it, and the median nerve branches about midway between the ganglia. The connectives in the 3rd thoracic segment are similar, but with the lateral nerves still closer to the ganglia and the median nerve considerably shorter. The connectives of the Ist abdominal segment are shorter, and divided for the caudal half of their length. The remaining abdominal connectives are fused completely, except for the median split in the caudal fifth. The last pair are shorter and divided for
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 33
-nearly the caudal half. The last, 7th, ganglion is longer than wide, with a slight median transverse constriction, and evidently composite. Callopistria floridensis Gn.
The connectives between the subcesophageal and the Ist thoracic are short and widely separated. Those between the thoracic ganglia are widely separated for the entire length. The median nerve branches about one-third the distance behind the ganglion. Thelateral nerves of the connectives are pushed backwards so that they arise from the base of the connective as it leaves the ganglion, and there- fore appear almost to arise from the front angle of the ganglion itself. The con- nectives between the third thoracic and the first abdominal are short and sep- arated on the caudal third. The remaining abdominal connectives are slender, elongate, entirely fused on the cephalic four-fifths, and distinctly separated on the caudal fifth. The median nerves in the abdomen are very slender, degenerate, separating shortly before the ganglion, passing caudad and laterad for a short distance with the first ganglionic nerve of its side. The last two ganglia are united to form an elongate mass, and this is separated from the preceding ganglion by separated connectives not quite so long as the caudal ganglionic mass. .
Euxoa ochrogaster Gn.
The connectives between the subcesophageal and the Ist thoracic ganglia are short but separated. The connectives between the thoracic ganglia are entirely separated, and divided by the oblique muscles. The lateral nerves from the connectives are close to the ganglia, those from the first pair arising at the base of the connectives as they leave the second thoracic ganglion, and those from the second pair arising a very short distance in front of the third thoracic ganglion. The median system is highly developed in the thorax. The connectives between the third thoracic and the first abdominal ganglion are less than twice as long as the ganglia and separated for almost the entire length. The remaining abdominal connectives, except the last pair, are fused except for a short distance, about one-sixth the length, immediately cephalad of the ganglia. The last pair of connectives are hardly longer than the last ganglionic mass and are separated for more than the caudal half of their length. The last ganglion is longer than wide and evidently represents the 7th, 8th (and 9th) very completely fused. A delicate pair of nerves arise from the caudal part of the dorsal face, representing the median nerves of the last seg- ment.
.Geometride.
A geometrid was dissected, an alcoholic specimen of uncertain species. The connectives in the abdomen are more closely united than in most others, and approach the condition found in S. thule.
The connectives between the subcesophageal ganglion and the Ist thoracic are short, hardly longer than the Ist ganglion but quite distinctly separated. The connectives between the three thoracic ganglia are separated for almost the entire length, lying side by side for less than a fifth the length behind each ganglion. The median nerves are well developed as are the lateral nerves of the connectives, which arise a short distance in front of the ganglia. The abdominal connectives are thoroughly fused on the cephalic four-fifths of their length, forming a simple cord, but are distinctly though slightly separated for -
34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
nearly a fifth of their length before each ganglion, with the well-developed median nerves arising between them well in front of the ganglion. The last two abdominal ganglia are adjoined with an indication of very short connectives. Prionoxystus robinie Peck. Plate II, Fig. 7.
The connectives in the thorax are adjacent for a short distance, and those in the abdomen are split for one-fourth their length in front of each ganglion. There are seven abdominal ganglia, the seventh solid but composite. The median system is very coarsely developed in the thorax.
Micropterygide. Plate II, Fig. 9.
I have been able to obtain caterpillars of one species of this family through the kindness of Mrs. J. D. Tothill. The larva is a miner of Spirea discolor on Vancouver Island. The material was collected by Mrs. Tothill and de- termined by her as probably belonging to the genus Mnemonica. The cater- pillars had been a long time in alcohol, and the lateral nerves could not be isolated satisfactorily. The ganglia and connectives were distinct, however, and are represented roughly in figure 9. The thoracic ganglia are very large and the thoracic connectives are thick, rather short and completely fused through- out their length, except for a median impression in front of each ganglion. There were eight abdominal ganglia. So far as this evidence goes, therefore, the Micropterygide stand with the Hepialide, forming a group very widely separated from both the Frenate and the Trichoptera
Trichoptera. Plate II, Fig. 8.
Only one species of this Order was available at the time; it was an un- determined species belonging to the Phryganeide.
The ventral chain agrees closely in its most striking characters with those of the Rhopalocera. The connectives of the thorax are definitely separated throughout their length, giving rise to distinct lateral nerves, and there are only seven abdominal ganglia. Further dissections throughout this order may show very interesting conditions.
PuArE ti. Figs. 1 and 2.—Papilio polyxenes Fabr. Part of the ventral chain. Figs. 3 and 4.—Tvope@ea luna L. Ventral chain of the larva, brain and sub- - cesophageal ganglion to the second abdominal ganglion and the last.
Figs. 5 and 6.—Ceratomia amyntor Hbn. Ventral chain of the larva, sub- cesophageal ganglion to the first abdominal ganglion and the last.
Fig. 7.—Prionoxystus robinie Peck. Ventral chain of the larva, subcesophageal ganglion to the first abdominal ganglion, showing origins and lateral nerves of the thoracic segments.
Fig. 8.—Trichoptera.—Ventral chain of an undetermined larva belonging to this order. Brain and ventral chain caudad to the second abdominal ganglion, showing origins of median and lateral nerves.
Fig. 9.—Micropterygide. Ventral chain of a larva of the genus Mnemonica showing only the ganglia and connectives of the ventral chain from the subcesophageal to the second abdominal ganglion.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 35
A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER PERLARIA.
BY R. J. TILLYARD, M. A. Sc. D. (Cantab.) D. Sc. (Sydney), F. L. S., F.E.S., Chief of the Biological Department, Cawthron Institute of Scientific Research, Nelson, New Zealand.
For some years past I have been studying the Perlaria of Australia and New Zealand, about which little has been made known up to the present. Taken in connection with the forms already described from Southern Chile, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and the Subantartic Islands, these insects form a very distinct Notogzan Fauna, clearly marked off from the Perlaria of the Northern Hemis- phere and of the Tropics by the fact that it is made up almost entirely of very archaic types. _ No representatives of the highly specialized Perlide (including Perlodidz) occur in these regions; no Pteronarcide, in the strict sense in which that family will be defined in this paper; no Capniide, Taeniopterygide or Leuctridz; and only one or two isolated forms of Nemouride (genus Udamocercia of Enderlein).
In attempting to classify the known Notogzan forms of Perlaria, I have had recourse not only to all available imaginal characters, but also to as care- ful a study of the individual life-histories as the rareness of most of the forms would permit. I am now able to state that, as regards Australian and New Zealand forms, the classification adopted by me, on imaginal characters only, has been fully tested in the case of the corresponding larve, with the result that these latter are found to group themselves into distinct families as readily as do the imagines, so that the two sets of characters taken together form a most useful and easily understood classification.
The most archaic forms of Perlaria extant are to be found in the genus Eusthenia and its allies. These have no close relationship with the Pteronarcide as defined in this paper, the latter being specialized by the reduction of the mandibles, the approximation of the cox of the forelegs, by the loss of the primitive paired abdominal appendages on segments 1-6, (secondary gill-tufts on the thorax and base of abdomen are developed in some genera), as well as by loss of the original palaeodictyopterous mesh-work or archedictyon in the anal area of the hindwing, and by the presence of a distinct break in the contour of the outer margin of the hindwing, at the distal end of Cus, where the anal fan leaves the rest of the wing. Thus the only primitive characters left to the Pteronarcida in common with the Eustheniida proper are the form of the tarsal joints, the visible clypeus and labrum and the presence of numerous cross-veins in the distal portions of the forewing. In contrast with this, all the true: Eustheniide have a primitive larval form possessing five or six pairs of lateral abdominal appendages functioning as gills, on the first five or six segments of the abdomen, but no secondary gill-tufts at all. These primitive paired gills are closely similar to those found in the larve of certain archaic Calopterygide in the Order Odonata. They are carried over into the imago at metamorphosis, as are the secondary gill-tufts of Pteronarcys, but quickly shrivel up. In the imaginal stage, true Eustheniide possess an altogether complete set of archaic characters, as follows: In the forewing, a complete archedictyon or cross-venation in all parts of the wing, a complete set of cross-
veins between Cus and 1A, a radial sector with three or more branches, a first February, 1921
36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
cubitus with two or more branches, in most genera showing a primitive anteriorly- arching type of branching, and at least three complete anal veins; in the hind- wing, the outer margin with a single complete convex contour, without any re-entrant break or angle at the distal end of Cuz (this character is unique for
Fig. 1.—Venation of Stenoperla prasina (Newm.), family Eustheniidae, (New Zealand). The genus Eusthenia itself has broader wings and still denser venation.
the family), the radial sector branched, and the archedictyon completely pre- served on the anal fan, as well as on the rest of the wing. (Text Fig. 1*). Other archaic characters are the form of the tarsal joints, the wide separation of the front coxz, the presence of strong functional mandibles and a clearly visible clypeus and labrum.
Separated from these by clear characters, but still very archaic, are the genera Austroperla Needham and Tasmanoperla n. g. (type Eusthenia diverstpes, n.sp.), which differ from the true Eustheniide in having shorter cerci, somewhat more reduced but still primitive venation, at least a partial fusion of M3,4 with Cuja in the hindwing, no archedictyon on the anal fan, and a distinct re-entrant angle on the outer margin at the distal end of Cup. (Text Fig. 3). In order to test the validity of this family, I sought carefully for larve of a different type from those of Eustheniide, and finally discovered in Tasmania a long cylindrical larva without any gills at all, and with rather short cerci, from which I reared a new species of Tasmanoperla, not yet described. Later on, I also obtained a closely similar type of larva from New Zealand, and reared from it Austroperla cyrene Newm. Thus the formation of this new family was fully justified. ,
Numerous species occur in which a considerable measure of specialization has set in, coupled with the retention of a number of archaic characters. These are all closely related to the genera Leptoperla of Newman (1839) and Gripopteryx of Pictet (1841). They therefore form the family Leptoperlide, this name re- placing the name Gripopterygide used by Enderlein to include not only these insects, but also the Eustheniide and Austroperlide of this paper. Parenthet- ically, it may be remarked that Enderlein, in forming his family, entirely ignored
*An excellent figure of the wings of Eusthenia spectabilis Gray is to be seen in Comstock’s “The Wings of Insects,”’ (1918), p. 247, Fig. 246.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 37
Newman’s genus, and did not even give it a place in his dichotomic tables, though he must have known of its existence.
The characters that distinguish the Leptoperlide, as here defined, (Text. Fig. 4), are the loss of 1A in the forewing, leaving only two anal veins, 2A and 3A, of which the latter is always forked; the cubitus of the forewing either simple or once forked; the absence of archedictyon in the anal area of the hind- wing; the presence of the re-entrant angle at the distal end of Cur; the presence in the hindwing of a fusion of M3+s with Cu: for part at least of their lengths; the possession, as in Eustheniidae and Austroperlide, of the archaic type of tarsal joints, mandibles, clypeus and labrum, and the widely separated front coxe. In the larve, there is a unique development of a rosette of gill-filaments around the anus; no other type of gill is present.
There remain over only a few very reduced forms of Nemouride, found equally in Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Southern Chile, of which the genus Udamocercia End. contains at present the only described species. These are true Nemourids in the widest sense, the imagines having the cerci reduced to one joint, while the same is true for the larvae, which also have no. visible gills.
Owing to a fortunate meeting with Mr. Nathan Banks, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., I have recently been able to discuss my plan of classification for the Notogeean Perlaria with him, and to learn from him more details of the morphology of those genera not represented in our Southern fauna than was possible with the limited material at my com- mand. I wish here to express to Mr. Banks my very grateful thanks for a very illuminating discussion which I. had with him, in which he clearly set forth the main characters of the various genera of the Northern Hemisphere, and pointed out what he considered the basic errors of accepted classifications. As soon as I had succeeded in convincing him that the Eustheniidz and Austro- perlide, as defined in this paper, had no close relationship with the Pteronarcide proper, the rest became ‘‘plain sailing,’ and we soon arrived at a complete scheme of classification which illustrates the phylogeny of the Order well, and at the same time offers excellent characters for the systematist.
The first point to be noted is that the old line of evolution which began with the Eustheniide and Austroperlide, is carried on by the Nemouride and Capniide. Both these families retain the original form of mandibles, clypeus and frons, while they also keep the primitive widely separated front coxe. As regards their wing venation, both can be developed by further specialization from types found within the Leptoperlide; but the Capniide have progressed a point further than the Nemouride, in having lost the fork of 3A in the fore- wing. On the other hand, the Capniide have retained the original many- jointed cerci; while, in the Nemourida, these processes are reduced, both in larva and imago, to a single joint. Mr. Banks and I quite agreed that the elevation of the groups of Taeniopteryx, Nemoura and Leuctra to full family rank was not justified; and, in this paper, these groups are considered to be only subfamilies of the Nemouride.
The second point to note is that the two families Pteronarcide and Perlide (this latter including the Perlodidz, which are at most only a subfamily of the Perlide) form an evolutionary sideline marked by certain high specializations
38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
coupled with a primitive venational scheme, viz., reduction of the mandibles to a weak lamina, (in the case of Perlide followed by an inturning of the clypeus and labrum under the frontal shelf, so that neither of these parts is visible from above), and, in the larva, either absence of gills or replacement of the original segmental gill-appendages of the abdomen by secondary gill-tufts around the bases of the legs and on the first two abdominal segments. Within this complex, the Pteronarcide keep the more primitive form of venation, very similar to that of the Austroperlide; like these latter, they have lost both the archedictyon of the anal fan and also the original complete contour of the outer margin of the hindwing. They are also specialized in a unique manner by the approximation of the fore coxa. On the other hand, the Perlide have a some- what more advanced venational scheme, though some of the original cross- venation still persists in the Perlodine; the fore cox remain widely separated, but the joints of the tarsi become specialized, both first and second joints being very short, and the third much longer than both these two together. The Perlodine differ only from the Perline in the more complete cross-venation of the distal portion of the wing, and therefore cannot be granted at the most more than subfamily rank.
PERLIDE PTERONARCIDE.
EUSTHENIIDE € AUSTROPERLIDE
LEPTOPERLIDE.
CAPNHDE ' NEMOURIDE.
Fig. 2.—Phylogenetic diagram to show the relationships of the various families of the Order Perlaria. The Eustheniide are the remains of the original stock, without any specialized characters. The main line of evolution leads first to the Austroperlide, from them to the Leptoperlidz, and culminates in the Capniide and Nemouride. From far back along the Eustheniid line, an evolutionary sidebranch gave origin to another distinct group, out of which arose the Pteronarcide and the Perlide.
The differences of the various families may be clearly set out in the following table, in which characters marked A are to be regarded as archaic, those marked B as specialized, while the addition of the letter U to either indicates that it is unique for the family. In the last line, the percentage of archaic characters present for the most archaic members of each family is calculated, the number so obtained giving a fairly reliable indication of the position of the family in the line of evolution. It should always be borne in mind that there are two culminating points for the family, viz., the Perlidee on the one hand, as the end of a side-branch of evolutionary effort, and the Nemouride on the other, as the end of the main line of ascent of the Order. This idea is indicated in the Phylogenetic Diagram given in Text Fig. 2.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 39
TABLE SHOWING PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS FoR THE FAMILIES OF THE ORDER PERLARIA.
Character Family
Existhent-| Austro- | Pteron- | Perl- Lepto- | Capni- |} Nemour- ide perlide | arcide id@ perlide ide 1d@
(1) Mandibles:—A normal;
B, reduced to lamina....| A B B A A A (2) Clypeus and Labrum:—
A, normal; B, hidden....| A A A BU A A A (3) Palpi:—A, with short
joints; B, one or more
joints elongated.............. (4) Anterior coxe:—A, wide
apart; B, approximated. (5) Tarsal joints: — A,
least, 3 longer than 1;
BP MOLMCEWISS or. eclveat (6) Cerci:—A, with 5 or
more joints; B, reduced
to a single joint.............. A A A A A A BU (7) Outer margin of hind-
wing:—A, complete con-
vex whole; B, with re-
entrant angle at distal
(8) Anal fan:—A, with cross-veins; B without..| AU (9) Cross-veins in distal half of forewing: — A, present; B, absent.......... A A A A(B) A B B (10) Cubito-anal cross-veins in forewing:—A el. present; B, absent.......... AU B B B B B B (11) Branches of Rs in fore- wing:—A, 3 or more; B,
>
e > >
BS A B® B* A A A A
eo eo w q
3 > >
By A By By
® = jam ek ‘= > Se wm w ee) nD Ww wD Ww nD ow
Dro seis eet ea iboce eke, A(B) A(B) AS A(B) B B B (13) Anastomcsis cr trans- vers? cord:—A, absent;
ROLESOILE eA tcc cyere ed cos A A A A(B) A B (14) 1A in forewing: — A, mresent.B) absentc2x, A A A(B) B B B B (15) 3A in forewing: — A, forked; B, simple........... A(B) A A A(B) A(B) B A (16) Primitive paired lateral gills on abdomen: — A, present on segs. 1-5 or 1-63B; absent .t...:.0:...% AU B Bi Bt Bi B Bt Percentage of archaic charac- ters§ for the mcst archaic members of each family....| 100 75 63 44 56 25 25
*In Perlidze not as elongated as in Capniide and Nemouride.
tIn Perlide, 1 and 2 very short, 3 greatly elongated; in Capniide and Nemouride, either 1 or 2 elongated.
{In Leptoperlide secondary. gills are developed as an anal rosette; in some Pteronarcide, Perlide and Nemouride, secondary gill-tufts are developed in various positions on the thorax or base of abdomen.
§In the table, I have not included the character of the pres2nce or absence of fusion of M,4, with Cu,, or Cu,a, in hindwing, as I have been unable to study, the tracheation of larval wings in all families. It should be noted that this fusion is absent in Eustheniide, but present in both Austrcperlide and Leptoperlide.
40 , THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE ORDER PERLARIA. Anal fan of hindwing well formed, and with a complete archedictyon or original meshwork of cross-veins; the contour of the outer margin of the (1) hindwing a single convex whole, without any re-entrant angle at the end of
OU eRe ree Ske el Ss td TE Eustheniide, n. fam. (Text Fig. 1). Anal fan of the hindwing without any archedictyon; outer margin of hind- wing with a marked re-entrant angle at end of Cuto.........ccccccccecssseeeeteeeeesees 2. ( Anterior coxe closely approximated; cross-venation retained except on (2)- anal fan; mandibles reduced to a weak lamina.................0...000000:- Pteronarcide. Warteriog coke remain widely: separated(s 2.) :-.ceie pat i) cl, See 3.
(3)} beneath frontal shelf; last joint of tarsi much longer than 1 + 2....Perlide. Mandibles, clypeus and labrum remain normal; last joint of tarsi not longer
EAR Gh tee A noncthas stare yeie tee fob Shes Saga «thalaafies 2008 nial eR ARNON ate teat et 4.
In forewing, three anal veins are present, 1A running very close (4) ON ORR ACN A mr AE stg heh oop eRe ZT Austroperlide, n. fam. (Text Fig. 3).
me reduced to a weak lamina; clypeus and labrum become hidden BS forewing, 1A is eliminated, leaving only 2A and 3A, the latter forked or
E100) 01 es Ce eae PE RR RRM E MAR UEC! os. CBee MGI A Me a,
Cu; near middle of wing; cross-veins are always present in the distal portion
In both wings, no true anastomosis connects the main veins from R to Blue Wisk. 15:00 w Chae eed. cote Leptoperlide,n. fam. (Text Fig. 4).
(5) A true anastomosis or transverse cord is always present, connecting the main veins of both wings from R to Cui; cross-veins not usually present \@istad irony thes anastomosisz,2...)..W 2k keerhcare a ee ee 6. (In forewing, 3A is forked; cerci are vestigial, being reduced to a single jC | nA ORO ee RL Lt, MME Tete AE RRO MNT oe. SIMA Nemouride. ©
ce In forewing, 3A is simple; cerci remain long and many-
HITTERS 2h. iia, alee donccehe Gas mt Matcbaa: «adie xe erat TR aCe eh na eee, ae Capnide
FAMILY AUSTROPERLID. Tasmanoperla, n. g. (Text Fig. 3).
Allied to Austroperla Needham, from which it differs only in the following points :—
Veins of the forewing very strongly marked, cross-venation very prominent, (Austroperla has the cross-venation weak, especially in the distal half of the wing, where the cross-veins are not easy to see in most specimens). In the forewing, 1A diverges from Cup slightly, then converges towards it distally; (in Austroperla 1A lies very close to Cus throughout, and is a much more weakly formed vein). Forewing considerably narrowed at the base, without any clearly marked anal angle; (in Austroperla, the forewing has a definite anal angle, distad from which the posterior margin runs almost parallel with the costal margin of the wing).
Genotype.—Eusthenia diversipes, n. sp. (Tasmania).
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 41
Tasmanoperla diversipes, n. sp. (Text Fig. 3).
No description of this species appears ever to have been published, although the name is mentioned in literature by Walker and others. It would seem probable that Westwood had made a MS description, from which the name was taken and used in print, without any corresponding description. The species is closely allied to Eusthenia thalia Newm., 1839, from which it may be dis- tinguished as follows:—
Fig. 3.—Venation of Tasmanoperla diversipes n. g. et. sp.; family Austroperlide.
Wing-veins brown, the costal veinlets of the forewing, and the distal ends of the main veins of both wings around the apices marked with small dark patches. Forewings very irregularly irrorated with brown, but a clear, un- shaded patch of irregular shape is left at one-third from apex. (E. thalia Newm. has the forewing of a dark smoky colour, with a very clear and more regular, somewhat cream-coloured patch left unshaded in about the same position). Legs black, with rich brown marks at the bases of the femora and tibiz; the brown on the hind femora occupies the basal half.
As in E. thalia, the wings are slightly shorter than the abdomen, the cerci rather short, the antenne shorter than the forewing, and the prothorax abso- lutely square in shape.
Type.—Holotype female, in Coll. Tillyard. Locality.—Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Jan. 31st, 1917.
This species is made the type of the genus Tasmanoperla as it is the one which I have studied and figured. I have, however, seen specimens of E. thalia Newm., and there can be no doubt that it also must be placed in this genus.
42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
FAMILY LEPTOPERLID. Note on the Type Specimen of Leptoperla Beroe Newm. (Text Fig. 4a).
The venational characters of Leptoperla beroé Newm., which is not only the type of the genus, but also the first Leptoperlid ever described, were not clearly given by Newman. The type is in the Hope Museum, Oxford. By the kind- ness of Professor Poulton, F. R.S., I was recently able to study this specimen carefully. Text Fig. 4 shows the venation of the right forewing, which has a peculiar aberrancy in that the two branches of M come together and fuse for a short space, and then separate again distally. The left forewing and both hindwings are much rolled and crumpled, the specimen being gummed on card. By softening these wings with warm water, and uncurling them with a fine brush, I was enabled to prove that the left forewing possesses a normal venation, with both branches of M running free and parallel to their tips. The following diagnosis for the genus may now be given :—
Fig. 4.—A. Right forewing of type specimen of Leptoperla beroe Newm. The normal courses of the branches of M, and the form of the crumpled anal area, as revealed by a study of the damaged left wing, are shown by dotted lines.
Right forewing of a specimen of Dinotoperla opposita (Walk.) from Mount Wellington, Hobart, Tasmania.
e ee: forewing of Zelandobius confusus (Hare) paratype, from Wellington, New ealand.
Antenne and cerci long, the latter considerably longer than the abdomen: Forewing with Sc stopping just short of half-way, its tip forked. Rs and M both forked not far from their origins, Cu, unforked and very long, running to the same level below the apex of the wing as that at which R, ends up above it. Complete sets of cross-veins between M and Cu; and also between Cu; and Cur. 2A simple, 3A forked. Irregular cross-veins enclosed in pale, oval spaces occupy positions in the distal half of the wing; (the wing membrane generally is of a brownish colour): Hindwing with Sc as in forewing; Rs simple; M with a free upper branch, and with its lower branch fused with Cu; to the border; Cu, simple; anal fan with five straight veins excluding 1A. (Cross-veins present
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 43
in hindwing are the humeral, an oblique one connecting R; with Rs towards half-way, and two connecting Cuz, with the fused vein above it in its distal half).
The locality for this species is Tasmania. Though I have collected care- fully in many places throughout the island, I have never met with it. The common Leptoperlids of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand do not belong to this genus.
Dinotoperla, n. g. (Text Fig. 4b).
Cerci shorter than the abdomen. Third joint of tarsus slightly longer'than basal joint. Forewings with Rs simple, Cu; deeply forked, and complete sets of cross-veins between M and Cu,, and also between Cu, and Cuz. Hindwing with only slight fusion between M3,, and Cui, and with the anal fan narrower than the rest of the wing at the end of Cun.
Genotype.—Leptoperla opposita Walker, Tasmania.
This genus differs radically from Leptoperla Newm. in its much shorter cerci, its longer distal joint of the tarsi, in the loss of the fork of Rs and in the retention of the fork Cu;. It is closely related to Gripopteryx End. and Para- gripopteryx End., from South America (these two genera are barely distinct), but can be at once separated from them by the unforked Rs of the forewing and by the possession of the complete series of cross-veins between M and Cun.
A number of undescribed species of this genus occur in Australia and Tasmania.
Zelandobius, n. g. (Text Fig. 4c).
Allied to Gripopteryx End. and Paragripopteryx End. from South America; but distinguished at once from them by possessing a simple Cu: in forewing and a wide anal fan in the hindwing, as well as by the retention of the complete series of cross-veins between M and Cu, in forewing. Rs is distally forked as in Gripopteryx and Paragripopteryx.
Genotype.—Leptoperla confusa Hare, New Zealand.
Leptoperla hudsoni Hare also goes into this genus, but L. fulvescens Hare and L. maculata Hare belong to Auwcklandobius End. All these species are from New Zealand.
Zelandobius differs from Aucklandobius in having Rs distally forked in the forewing, and the fusion of M3,4 with Cu, not complete in hindwing. Awck- landobius differs from Antarctoperla End. chiefly in its much wider anal fan and in the complete fusion of M3,4 with Cu, in hindwing.
Both Zelandobius and Aucklandobius are represented in New Zealand by a number of undescribed species. The Leptoperlide of South America are evi- dently closely allied to those of New Zealand and Australia, and a knowledge of all the forms is necessary for the study of those in any one region.
EXPLANATION- OF TEXT FIGURES.
1A, 2A, 3A, first, second and third anal veins, respectively ; Cun, first cubitus, with its branches Cuya, Curis, Cure, Cura; Cus, second cubitus; Mij2, Mss, the two branches of the media; R;, radius; Rs, radial sector, with its branches Re, Rs, Ra, Rs; Sc, subcosta.
44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
A NEW SPECIES OF COPTODISCA. (LEPID.) BY WM. G. DiETz2, Hazleton, Pa.
Coptodisca kalmiella, n. sp. :
Size minute. Head, palpi and antenne silvery gray, the latter long. Fore- wings golden-brown from the base to about the middle of their length, passing gradually into golden yellow; a silvery, triangular band-like spot at about two-thirds the wing length, on both the costal and posterior margins, the apices of which nearly meet on the disk, and margined. proximally and distally with black. Cilia nearly double the width of the wing, traversed by the bases of the black-margined silvery spots, a black costal stria before the apex; a trape- zoidal black spot in basal two-thirds of the cilia, at the apex, surmounted by a black line extending to the edge of the cilia; basal two-thirds of dorsal cilia in apical third with two broad, concentric lines separated by a pale line of the ground colour; proximad to this is a brownish tuft, from base to free margin of cilia; rest of cilia, a brownish gray. Hind wings very narrow; cilia about three times their width. Legs and body, silvery gray.
Habitat.—Browns Mills, N.J., mining leaves of Kalmia angustifolia. Collectors, H. B. Weiss and C. S. Beckwith, June 22 to June 30. Type and paratypes in collection of H. B. Weiss.
NOTES ON COPTODISCA KALMIELLA DIETZ, A LEAF MINER OF KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
BY HARRY B. WE:s1SS AND CHARLES S. BECKWITH, New Brunswick, N. J.
This microlepidopteron first attracted our attention at Brown’s Mills, N. J., by its work on the leaves of sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia L.) which were observed to be full of small oval holes. Closer observation revealed mines inhabited by lepidopterous larve and upon rearing them, we secured a species of Coptodisca which was kindly described by Dr. W. G. Dietz as kalmiella.
The mines of this species are irregular and blotch-like, extending from the midrib almost and sometimes entirely to the edge of the narrow leaf. They are visible on both sides of a leaf, more so on the upper where they appear as reddish brown, dry areas partly filled with excrement. The number of mines in a leaf varied from one to twelve. Twenty-nine leaves were found to aver- age five mines to a leaf. In some leaves many of the mines ran together and took up most of the leaf surface. Leaves on all parts of the plants were infested, especially terminal ones.
During the last week of May many mines were found to contain full-grown larve, and many were empty. From this it appears as if the larve over-wintered in the mines and that our observations started just as the larve were leaving. When full grown the larva cuts an oval case (3 mm. long; 1.6 mm. wide) from a part of the mine which is free from excrement, this case con- sisting of the semi-transparent upper and lower leaf surfaces which are fastened together. This oval case is regular in outline with a clean cut edge. When the oval is completely cut, the case containing the larva either drops to the ground
or the larva crawls to the tip of a leaf pulling the case after it, and finally drops February, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 45
to the ground after hanging a.short time suspended by a thread. Once on the _ ground the larva crawls under fallen leaves, etc., and pupates within the case, this stage requiring from two to three weeks, the moths appearing about June 20 and being plentiful a week later around sheep laurel in the field. In order to facilitate the emergence of the moth, the pupal case projects slightly from the oval case. It is not known how many broods occur in New Jersey. Probably the over-wintering larve are those which hatch from eggs deposited during July.
Kalmia angustifolia L., is frequent in sandy ground, especially around the edges of bogs in the pine barrens and often covers large areas. In view of this, the miner should be found in many other localities in the pine barrens. Dr. Dietz writes that he has bred this species in numbers from sheep laurel collected in Pennsylvania and has noted as many as twelve to fourteen mines in a single leaf.
Full-grown Larva.—Length 3.4 mm. Width 0.5 mm. Head and first two segments brownish, remainder of body white with greenish tinge, somewhat translucent; elongate, tapering slightly posteriorly; body notched at sides, flattened dorso-ventrally; head small, mouth-parts dark, first thoracic segment longest, second and third thoracic segments subequal in length; abdominal segments subequal in length except in the ultimate and penultimate which combined approximate the length of the preceding segment; first thoracic segment not quite as wide as the second and third which are subequal in width; abdominal segments subequal in width except the last three or four which are narrower; prothorax bears a dorsal, dark spot which covers most of the surface; dorsum of meso- and metathorax bears a somewhat similar dark area each with separated, subcircular light areas. First seven abdominal segments bear irregular, oval, ill-defined dark areas; dorsal markings of eighth abdominal seg- ment somewhat similar to those on dorsal surface of metathorax, the subcircular light areas may be fused or only slightly separated; dorsal surfaces of remaining abdominal segments may bear indications of dark areas or be entirely light; ventral surface and markings similar to those of dorsal surface except that the dark areas on the third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments are re- placed by dark, oval rings; head and sides of each thoracic segment bear several fine hairs; a single hair on side of each abdominal segment; dark areas appear to be finely shagreened; shagreening on prothorax more pronounced.
Another lepidopterous miner.of sheep laurel was described by Dr. Dietz in 1907 (Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XXXIII, p. 291). This is Ornix kalmiella, the larva of which makes a pale, orange -coloured, blotch-like mine in the upper side of a leaf. The localities for this species as given by Dr. Dietz are Pa. and Conn., larve, August and September; adults, following May.
CHANGE OF ADDRESS.
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46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
PSEUDOMACROMIA NATALENSIS AND MERUENSIS (ODONATA).
BY S. G. RICH, Durban, Natal, South Africa.
The present paper arises from the peculiarities of a specimen of Pseudo- macromia collected by me at Edendale, Natal, on Nov. 12, 1918, and now in my collection. The specimen is a female, measuring abdomen including ap- pendages 40 mm., hind wing 43 mm., fore wing 43 mm., both pterostigmas 3 mm.
The specimen has the following features of interest. Lower lip yellow brown on side lobes, with centre lobe black and a black rim on the mesal edge of each side lobe. Upper lip bordered with very dark brown. Across frons immediately above lip, a dull greenish band about 1 mm. wide. Top of frons steel blue. Vertex brown, with traces of steel blue. Both wings flavescent from beneath stigma mesally, the fore wing until one cell from nodus, the hind wing half way to nodus; this is a vague cloudy flavescence except at the costal border of the fore wing. There is a very faint flavescence extending to the first cross-vein under the subcosta and the cubitus of the fore wing, and a stronger flavescence in the same place and four cells closest to the membranule in the hind wings. The abdomen has the first two segments yellow-brown with a thin, black band, marking the end of segment 2; segment 3 has a thin-lined yellowish cross on the back, on an otherwise dark ground; the other segments are dark brown with narrow, dull yellow markings along the sides. The mem- branule of the wings is grayish, becoming cream-coloured at its costal end.
Barring the head details and the basal flavescence of the fore wing, the specimen agrees with Martin’s original description of P. natalensis female (Bull. du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, 1900, p. 106).
In the Selys Catalogue, Fasc. XIV, p. 805, there is given in brackets the species P. meruensis, from Kilmandjaro, East Africa. This, described as Homothemis meruensis by Sjostedt, 1909, was not in the Selys collection, but Dr. Ris quotes the original description and assigns it to the genus Pseudo- macromia. The present specimen agrees equally with this description, more especially as to the lips, frons, colouring of legs, and wing-flavescence. The dimensions are as in this description.
In view of the fact that the description of P. meruensis is based upon a single specimen, and that no others of this species are recorded in the Selys catalogue, I. am strongly of the opinion that the two species are identical. P. natalensis is recorded from as far north as Macequece, Portuguese East Africa, in the Selys catalogue, and it is not unreasonable to expect that it would be found in the highlands of East Africa nearer the equator.
Martin’s original description of P. natalensis is, except for the lips, and the cross-mark upon the back of the abdomen, identical with Sjostedt’s of P. meruensis. The synonymy of these two species may be taken as highly probable, if not established.
It may be of additional value in this connection to mention the character- istics of a specimen of P. natalensis, in the collection of the Durban Museum, Natal. The specimen is a female, taken at Umbilo, one of the suburbs of Durban. It agrees with my specimen in possessing all the features which
would show the identity of P. natalensis and P, meruensis, The flavescence February, 1921
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 47
on the wing is somewhat fainter than in mine, but in the fore wing extends from the stigma to the nodus, and in the hind wing covers some seven cells close to the stigma only. The basal flavescence is as in mine. The dull green band across the frons is more prominent.
The two specimens have femora that answer to the description of either species: the first and second femora light brown, the third darker, but light _ brown at the base.
In both specimens the claws are not alike throughout. In each case ap- proximately half of the claws have the lateral spur of the same length and breadth as the tip of the claw proper, and the remainder have the spur slightly thicker. P. meruensis is described as having the spur similar to the tip; P. natalensis (in the Selys catalogue) as having the spurs thicker.
The pterostigmas of the museum specimen are all 2.3 mm. long; in mine they are .5 mm. longer.
There is every evidence that the two are of the same. species; yet the museum specimen is clearly P. natalensis and mine may be P. meruensis equally as well, according to description. The identity of the two species, as stated above, appears highly probable, if not fully proven.
A NEW RACE OF STRYMON MELINUS HBN.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.* Entomological Branch, Ottawa.
Strymon melinus atrofasciata, var. nov.
2 .—Upper side rather deep slaty-gray with maculation similar to that of the Eastern race (humuli Harr.). Beneath even slaty-gray with no tinge of brown, the post-median row of spots heavy, black, especially prominent on secondaries; these spots are bordered outwardly with white but show prac- tically no traces of orange colour on their inner margin. The subterminal maculation is the same as in the type form with the orange spots very bright in colour.
3: Similar to 9, but slightly darker on upper side with ground colour on both sides showing a faint brownish ringe.
Holotype-—1 9@, Wellington, B. C., (July 12th, 1904), (G. W. Taylor), in Canadian National Collection.
Allotype.—1 o, Duncan, B.-C., (C. Livingston), in same collection.
Paratypes.—2 9’s, Royal Oak, B.C., (May 26th, 1917), (R. C. Treherne) ; Victoria, B.C., (May 21st, 1917), (A. E. Cameron), in Canadian National Collection.
The above race, characterized by its dark ground colour and heavy black spotting on under side with lack of orange margin to spots, seems confined to Vancouver Island. It bears apparently a certain relation to pudica Hy. Edw. in this lack of orange, but this latter race is described as having the lower side “more silvery grey” than melinus with obsolescent maculations whereas the heavy black maculation of the underside in the present race is a feature that at once strikes the eye.
*Contribution from the Entomological Br., Dept. of Agr., Ottawa, February, 1921
48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
THE LARVA AND BREEDING PLACE OF AEDES ALDRICHI DYAR AND KNAB. (CULICIDA, DIPTERA). BY ERIC HEARLE, Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Mission City, B. C.
Aedes aldrichi is the dominant mosquito in the Lower Fraser Valley, B. C., and the main cause of the serious mosquito pest that at times occurs in that district and casts an evil shadow over the most beautiful period of the year. Previous to the summer of 1920, the larva had been unknown and there were no definite data as to its breeding place. Extensive larval collections have shown the main breeding places to be in the wooded river bottoms. These areas are thickly covered with cottonwood and a tangled low growth of willow, rose and -spiraa. They are locally known as alder-bottoms. At freshet time flooding converts them into temporary swamps capable of producing enormous numbers of mosquitoes. Aedes vexans and Aedes cinereus occur with Aedes aldrichi in these alder-bottom areas, but the latter is the chief species.
Description of Larva of Aedes aldrichi.
Stage IV.—A stout dark grey larva, very much like that of Aedes hirsuteron and Aedes aestivalis, from which it differs mainly in the dorsal head hairs and, in the case of hirsuteron, in the laterals of the sixth abdominal segment.*
Head with a dark patch on the vertex; broad, narrowed before the eyes; front roundly arcuate. Antenne, inserted at notch in head, yellowish, moderate, curved, swollen at base, fairly thickly covered with large and small spines; antennal tuft of about seven hairs of moderate length placed a little before centre; at the apex are four short spines, one long spine and one short bud-like process. Eyes transverse and pointed. Upper pair of dorsal head hairs usually in twos and lower head hairs single; ante-antennal tuft of about seven hairs. Mental plate broadly triangular with a small, central tooth and fourteen to seventeen teeth on each side, those toward base largest. Thorax rounded, wider than long, hairs abundant and fairly long. Abdomen stout, anterior segments shorter and broader, hairs sparse, laterals moderately long, secondaries short; laterals usually double from second to sixth segment, but often in threes on third segment; first segment with two pairs of fairly long hairs. Air tube stout, about three times as long as wide; pecten of about seventeen evenly spaced teeth reaching to middle; teeth gradually larger distally; individual tooth a long spine with broad base, a stout spine at base and a very small tooth be- tween this and the main spine; a tuft of six hairs following the pecten. Lateral comb of eighth segment of about twenty-five scales in a broad triangular patch; scales three deep; individual scales broadly elliptical, fringed with short delicate spines from centre outwardly, a longish stout spine at apex. Dorsal plate reaching nearly to ventral line. Dorsal tuft a brush of about eight hairs and one long hair on each side. Ventral brush well developed. Anal gills ensiform and about twice as long as eighth segment. Skin of larva covered withminute spicules. i *Note.—A great deal of variation occurs and a good series is needed to ensure accurate determinations. The dorsal head hairs are nct very constant. In many cases the upper dorsal head hairs are in threes and the lower head hairs in twcs, sometimes they occur ih fours and in threes, but in only a very few specimens examined were the upper head hairs found to be
single as in aestivalis, In many specimens some of the abdominal laterals were found to be in threes, but the sixth laterals are always paired, unlike those of hirsuteron, in which they are
single.
Mailed February 28th, 1921
Che Canadian Entomologist
Wor. LITT: LONDON, MARCH, 1921. No. 3
POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
TuHeE LireE-HiIstory oF A Hospspy HORSE.
BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS, Peterborough, Ont.
Part IJ.—Boy AND. MAN—SAPLING ‘GROWTH.
(Continued from page 28, Vol. LIIT.)
Long before Slyboots went abroad, a new element had begun to enter into our lives which made itself specially felt in our dealings with Nature—the joy of memory and past associations. This seemed to grow quite independently of the rapid waning of novelty from our environment and out of all proportion. I can remember how my brother and I both lamented that while going back to Scotland seemed to give us unspeakable thrills of pleasure, no such inspiration came from trips in England. It puzzled us both at the time, but I have no doubt now that it was due to the countless happy memories awakened in us by the sights and sounds of childhood’s home; just as soon as we crossed the Tweed at Carlisle, and heard the names of the stations shouted in good broad Doric.
' My brother never stayed in England long enough for these stored-up treasures of the senses to be converted into memories, but I am happy to think and to bear testimony to what I suppose is a universal human experience, that I can call these sweets of life to-day not only from our native heath of Scotland, but from many an English lane, aye! and from half a hundred sunny scenes of old Ontario. .
This fondness for revelling in memory, it seems to me, grew very fast after Slyboots went abroad, till it became a passion for the old familiar things. It was then almost certainly for that reason that the charm of recurring seasons first laid hold upon me and a hungry craving for the Spring. It had always been living things that drew me, or things that once had lived (like fossils of the chalk) and now bore mute witness through the ages to the far-off day of their pride; and I came to yearn for signs of life’s renewal on the earth. Autumn and winter were the dead seasons, but how eagerly I watched for the rathe primrose and the springing violet! with what exultation I caught the earliest -call of the cuckoo and the first skimming flight of the migrant swallow! The coming of Spring made the heart gush as though it too had been for months fast held in winter’s icy clasp.
I was much given to long, solitary walks. To wander land and meadow, woodland and moor, mountain and glen, was an exquisite pleasure that thrilled the very soul; all day long, no doubt, on these tramps, I was drinking in count- less sights and sounds, landscape mellowed in the distance, soft hues of foliage, a hundred flowers and ferns and birds, the murmur of pines and running water, the cooing of the stock-dove and the song of the Skylark; but I was rarely con-
49
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
scious, except in the first days of early Spring, of the individual notes of colour and music and fragrance that blended in these hours of happy reverie.
Wherever I went, seemingly, I must first make myself acquainted with any new feature of living Nature that came within my ken, be it insect, bird, or flower, before I could give myself over to the contemplation and enjoyment of earth. But once the new had become the familiar, I was satisfied, and fell back on the old pleasures of memory and association. Thus the first two years of my residence at Oxford kept me busy with the surface fossils of the stone-brash; repeated visits must be made to Iffley to see the wonderful fritillaries in bloom, trips taken up the Cherwell at the season of the cowslip, and whole days spent haunting the edge of Wytham Wood for the enthralling song of the nightingale; the same with first days in Buckingham and Worcestershire, in Somerset and Devon. New discoveries brought keen pleasure and delight, but these were as nothing to the ecstasy of revisiting; when the novelties had been caught up in a network of associations, and their beauty enhanced a thousandfold by the host of memories they awakened, all bathed ina subtle atmosphere of emotion. And perhaps of greater value still for the mind in its maturing, were the hours of conscious meditation and reflection on Nature and life, for which all this raw material of observation was, I must believe, an instinctive preparation.
There comes to most of us in the exuberance of youth, a day when we are impatient of all tradition, and even feel guilty of a certain dishonesty in the placid acceptance of current opinion. I was about sixteen when the eternal riddle of existence first propounded itself to me, and none of the conventional readings brought satisfaction or peace of mind. This was a year after my brother went abroad, the first summer holidays spent in Scotland without his companionship. Our host was always the same, an old army doctor whose acquaintance we had first made shortly before my father’s death. He had lectured at Netley, seen service in India, and returned to his native Scotland on retirement. Bred up a staunch old Presbyterian, and by nature a rigid moralist and strict disciplinarian, he was yet a man of great tolerance, quite free from dogma, and generous in his sympathies; a great reader (though shy of fiction and poetry alike), open-minded and of liberal view, a scholar and a scientist, he was, as you may easily understand, a believer in evolution and an ardent disciple of Darwin.
I cannot enough admire our host’s patient forbearance with his two school- boy guests and their sad lack of seriousness. On our first visit to him after settling in the south of England, a prolonged spell of bad weather (coupled in Slyboots’ case with a touch of bronchitis) prevented us from going out very much, and we made almost daily raids on the village library for story books. My favorite author was Ballantyne, my brother’s was Kingston, but neither of us. had the remotest idea of how or why his favorite author made such a strong appeal to him. I fancy the doctor must have been aching to see us tackle something better worth while, but he never interfered and apparently even gleaned no small amusement from some of our frequent disputes; for I can still hear his guffaw over what I fondly imagined a shrewd stroke of mine at the close of a battle royal with Slyboots: ‘‘Well! if Slyboots would have it, the reason I liked Ballantyne best was because he gave you more for your money; there were whole chapters at the end of Kingston, and sometimes even in the *
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
middle of the book, wasted over footling love affairs, when the hero might have had at least one more hair-raising adventure in the forests of Brazil, the Indian Jungle, the African veldt, or wherever it happened to be.”’
At sixteen I had outgrown these boys’ books and was ripe for more sub- stantial reading. It so happened, too, that in the previous term I had heard quite a lot about Darwin and the Theory of Evolution. It formed a subject of discussion among schoolmates on the Science side, who were actually divided into two rival camps under the leadership of this master and that, known to favour or to scout, the doctrine; a special hero of my schoolboy worship, some years my senior and a prefect in the house where I spent my first few months of attendance at Dulwich College, had recently paid me a visit from Guy’s Hospital in his first year as a medical student, and from him I learned some outlines of the theory; it had even been debated in my hearing at home by an elder brother in conversation with a business friend; and so it came about that the idea of Evolution figured quite prominently in the almost daily thoughts of a classical student of sixteen; and it was in answer to a question of mine that the good doctor first broached the subject and explained to his young guest as clearly and simply as might be the nature and trend of that world-revolutionizing treatise, Darwin’s ‘‘Origin of Species.”
And in a very few days, as it seemed, the solitary boy of sixteen with his time-old mystery of life, found sympathy and help as well as companionship in his host of nearly sixty. The doctor was very methodical and kept a series of logbooks or diaries in which he entered a summary of everything he read, even to magazine articles; these notebooks he called his ‘‘omnium gatherums.” He had not a large library, as most of his reading was done by way of periodic parcels of books from Edinburgh, kept for two or three months and then ex- changed. But he had a little bookcase of favorites, and after suggesting some volumes to be read in a certain order, he gave me the run of the shelves. I first read round the theory in three or four books like Robert Chambers’ ‘‘Vestiges of Natural Creation,’’ Lauder Brunton’s “‘Bible and Science,’’ and Samuel Laing’s ‘‘Modern Science and Modern Thought;’’ I was then made to tackle, just as soon as I seemed ripe for it, Darwin’s “‘Origin of Species’’ and ‘‘Descent of Man;” and after these came a troop of his great exponents, Huxley, Wallace, Romanes, Grant Allen, and Lubbock. When once I had assimilated some of this thought, I was promoted from the Doctor’s exposition to the give-and- take boxing bouts of argument and discussion. Long before I passed from school to the university, I was as thorough-going a Darwinian as the old doctor himself and even more advanced, partly from the natural insolence of youth, and partly from wide reading in the noblest literature of all ages and lands, the fearless freedom of Greek poet and philosopher. .
Together as men and equals we read and discussed Weismann and Haeckel, or shook our heads sadly over the unsoundness of Wallace’s closing chapters on “‘Darwinism’”’ with their ‘“‘dews ex machina’’ of Spiritualism. When Huxley ,tilted with the clericals in the pages of the XIXth Century Magazine, we both keenly admired the skill with which he found the joints of the mediaeval armour and unhorsed his cumbrous opponents; a ‘‘bonny fechter,’’ like Alan Breck, was that brilliant pamphleteer, and a tower of strength to the good cause, as we viewed it, of untrammelled thought—the march of Science. Unlike the
52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
dear old doctor, my host, I had a great liking for fiction and was passionately fond of poetry; the great problem novels of the day, and indeed more recent books of mark I devoured with keep appetite, and was never tired of conning the pages of my favorite poets—Burns, Keats, Shelley, Rossetti, Swinburne and Matthew Arnold.
One great boon, I am sure, I owed to this course of systematic reading in Science. It added an intellectual interest to my long walks in solitary com- munion with Nature. For the habit of lonely wandering that I had formed on Slyboots’ departure cannot have been entirely wholesome; there was hardly a sight or a sound in the world that did not awaken some chord of memory, and I often brooded over the past, though with more of wistful reverie than of sorrow in my mood. But as soon as the interest of this new theory took hold of me, it gave me a new outlook on Nature, and instead of brooding inwardly, my thoughts went out to Natural objects in search of illustration, to test book-theories as it were, and in this channel of activity they found a healthy and cheerful outlet.
More and more, it became a delight to mark the characteristic beauties of English scenery; the deep luxuriant lanes, the floral treasures of hedgerow and meadow, of riverbank and stream; the glories of the beech woods and ~ groves of oak; the distant views of the breezy downs, and the wild grandeur of the Wessex moors. But always the crowning glory of the year, when Spring had blossomed into Summer, was the visit to Scotland. My favorite haunt, growing dearer season by season, was a mountain stream in the neighborhood of Bridge of Allan. Whether I took my fishing-rod or not made little dif- ference, nor what direction I started out in; all paths seemed at last to lead to ‘the mouth of the Wharrie burn where it merged in the river Allan, and then came an all-day tramp, up through the woods, past cataract and linn, climbing the steep glen by mossy rocks, past rowan and birch, out on to the open moor and then over the heather, till I had tracked the baby stream to its cradle in a mountain tarn, below the peaks of the everlasting hills.
As soon as I entered the University I began to gather a library for myself. One of the most treasured shelves was devoted to books of scientific theory; I made a selection of volumes from the International Scientific Series published by Kegan Paul, and became a subscriber to two new series—the Minerva Library of Famous Books, edited by G. T. Bettany, and the Contemporary Science Series published by Walter Scott; every volume of these two publications I purchased on issue and devoured at my leisure.
But my interest in Evolution never for a moment lessened the love of Natural objects or dulled the sense of mystery, of wonder, and of beauty in God’s handiwork. And this emotional attitude to Nature was greatly strengthened in my student days at Oxford by a wonderful discovery that I made at the end of my second year. While travelling in the realms of gold I found that I was notalone or peculiar, had nothing to be ashamed of, in my solitary musing on the mystery of life. I found the most secret thoughts and feelings of my very soul from boyhood to manhood laid bare and given a language in two books that have been a bible to me ever since, the Poems of William Wordsworth, especially Tintern Abbey, and Richard Jefferies’ Story of My Heart.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 53
NEW BRITISH COLUMBIA TUSSOCK MOTH, HEMEROCAMPA PSEUDOTSUGATA.
BY J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D. Entomological Branch, Ottawa.*
For the past few years a species of tussock-moth has been reported as damaging the douglas fir in certain districts of British Columbia; it was de- termined by Mr. E. H. Blackmore in the Report of the British Columbia Pro- vincial Museum, 1918, p. 12, as Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa Hy. Edw. and a figure of a rather rubbed was given on Plate 1.
An account of the extent of the devastation was also given by Mr. W. B. Anderson, in the Agricultural Gazette, 1919, VI, 139.
In the spring of 1920 I received a number of egg-masses of the species, collected by Mr. W. B. Anderson, the original discoverer, at Chase, B. C. From these I was enabled to breed a limited number of adult specimens; the young larve on hatching were offered hemlock and pine, douglas fir at the time not being available; a large number refused to eat and perished, but a few nibbled the blossom-buds of hemlock and fed on these until half-grown when they were transferred to douglas fir, a tree of this species having been located at the Experi- mental Farm. The moths emerged in the first week of July during my absence from Ottawa, an earlier date than that given by Mr. Blackmore in his account of the species, but probably due to more or less forcing of the young larve during the early spring.
From my present knowledge of the early stages and of the adults I cannot agree with Mr. Blackmore that the species is gulosa Hy. Edw. This species was described in Papilio I, 61, in a paper by Mr. Edwards dealing with the Pacific Coast species of Orgyia (Hemerocampa). In this paper vestusta Bdv., a species described very briefly from a @ specimen from California which is possibly still in the Oberthur Collection at Rennes, France, and which has certainly never been satisfactorily identified by American systematists, was limited to a lupine-feeding larva of the San Francisco Bay region, whilst the name gulosa was proposed for an oak-feeding larva which was found abundantly throughout the foot-hills of the northern Sierras. Both larve were described rather inaccurately and inadequately; roughly speaking, apart from the difference in food-plants, the main points of distinction are apparently to be found in the color of the dorsal abdominal tufts; in vetusta the tufts on abdominal segments I-IV are described as being whitish drab at base tipped with chestnut-brown; in gulosa tuft I is blackish, the other three tufts being white; the dorsal tuft on seg- ment VIII is yellow tipped with black in vetusta and black in gulosa.
In Psyche VI, 488 (1893) Dr. H. G. Dyar gives a detailed description of the early stages of gulosa; his description of the 38rd and 4th larval stages corresponds well with Edwards’ larval description; in full grown larvae Dr. Dyar states of the tufts that they are ‘‘coloured a silvery-grey, in some specimens blackish or even black on the crests, but white on the sides, in others nearly all white.’”’ He further is of the opinion that Edwards confused the moths resulting from the two species of larva and that the description given by Edwards of the adult o& vetusta should apply to gulosa and vice-versa; to avoid confusion he limits the application of
*Contribution from the Kntomclegical branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. March, 1921
54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
the names to the larval forms. Wethus have a lupine-feeder (vetusta) with whitish tufts tipped with chestnut, producing a small @ with indistinct macula- tion of primaries and an oak feeder (gulosa) with white tufts occasionally black- tipped, emerging into a larger o with distinct maculation. A similar arrange- ment was followed by Neumoegen & Dyar in their Preliminary Revision of N. Am. Bombyces (1894, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 28, 29;) later, however, in the List of N. Am. Lepidoptera (1902) Dr. Dyar treats gulosa as a variety of vetusta; the reason for this change is unknown to me but the arrangement was followed in the Barnes & McDunnough Check List (1917) for lack for any further data on the subject.
As neither the larva of vetwsta nor of gulosa has been bred by me it is im- possible to comment on the accuracy of the above statements; on the face of it, taking into consideration the larval distinctions and the difference in food-plants, I should incline to the belief that we are dealing with two distinct species; as to whether Hy. Edwards or Dr. Dyar is correct in the description of the resulting imagines remains for our California collectors to prove by careful breeding.
To return to our douglas fir-feeder I would point out that it cannot be re- ferred to gulosa as the larva contradicts the description. In all the specimens reared (both cand @ ) the dorsal tufts on abdominal segments I-IV were whitish, broadly tipped with chestnut-brown whilst the dorsal hair-pencil of segment VIII was black with a chestnut-brown tuft of half its length at the base anteriorly. The larva would thus correspond very closely with that of vetusta, according to the description, except that the hair-pencil of segment VIII could hardly be called ‘‘yellow tufted with black.”
These discrepancies in the coloration of the larva and the fact that it is a coniferous feeder lead me to the belief that the species is undescribed; a parallel case is found in the closely allied genus Olene Hbn. where the pine-feeders are now recognized as distinct species from those feeding on deciduous trees. Hemerccampa pseudotsugata, sp. nov.
Ovum.—Laid in large clusters on the 2 cocoon or adjacent areas, covered with a gelatinous substance to which are attached numerous dark, smoky hairs from 2 abdomen; color white; hemispherical.
Larva, Stage I.—Resembles considerably a small Porthetria dispar in shape. Head large, brown, with sparse hairs; palpi and clypeus whitish. Body dirty gray, tinged with reddish laterally, tubercles represented by large chitinous patches (verruce) containing long, slightly barbed hairs; the dorsal hairs are generally blackisk, the lateral ones white. The usual Liparid wart laterally on the prothorax is very prominent with numerous long, black, hairs. Prothoracic plate large, rectangular, with two knob-like warts on the anterior edge, each bearing about 10-12 hairs arranged in a circle; several white hairs from the anterior margins of the segment overhang the head; posterior and ventrad to the plate are two minute sete closely approximated. Meso- and meta-thoracic segments with tubercles I and II narrowly separated; I small, obliquely oval with three short sete, II larger, roughly circular with about two hairs; in the lateral region are two further tubercles, very similar in size and equidistant.
On abdominal segments I-IV, VII and VIII verrucae I and II form together a large rectangle, I, narrowly separated from II, being triangular and forming the anterior dorsal corner of this rectangle; on segment II it bears five hairs, on
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a ee
III three hairs and on the other segments two hairs; on abdominal segments V and VI it is reduced to a mere point witha single short, white, clubbed hair, noticeably distinct from the other setae.
Verruca II bears about ten hairs normally but on V and VI it is smaller with fewer hairs and in consequence more of the pale color of the integument is apparent; on these same segments it also bears 2-3 clubbed white hairs in close proximity to that of verruca I. Laterally a large, oblong verruca (tubercles III and IV) is present with the brown spiracle situated on its ventral edge; it bears numerous hairs, including a single long black one. Below it is a further smaller verruca clothed with short whitish hair and with one long white seta. Above the prolegs a small verruca with several short white hairs. Rear segment with four, large, equally spaced verruce containing severa! long, backward- directed sete. Prolegs with two anterior and two posterior crotchets. Length on emergence 2 mm.
Stage IT.—Head as before; body light gray with slight purple-brown dorsal sprinkling behind verruce and heavy lateral sprinkling of same color; faint yellow shading on meso- and meta-thorax especially intersegmentally and also laterally along all segments below spiracle. Verruce much as before but paler; from the large prothoracic wart arises a small tuft of short plumes as well as the bristles; verruca I on abdominal segments I and II with similar black plumed hairs and merely one or two bristles; verruca I and also II on segment VIII with a few black plumes on inner edge; otherwise the bristles from verruce are long and mostly black; abdominal segment V with yellow dorsal shading and VI and VII dorsally with large circular yellow-orange eversible glands.
Stage III.—Head pale brownish. Body with grayish-white ground colour; dorsally the segments are shaded with dark brown forming a narrow dorsal line on thoracic segments and broadening out on abdominal to a band of dark color strongly broken with the pale ground colour and extending laterally to the lower edge of verruca II. Posterior portion of thoracic segments shaded with yellow-orange and the whole dorsum of abdominal segment V anterior to tuber- cles rather bright orange; glands on VI and VII bright coral-red. A broad broken band of dark brown laterally crossing verruca III, the verruca itself being encircled with pale ground color and with a patch of the same color behind it so that the edges alone of the dark band appear more or less continuous; a somewhat broken pale yellow subspiracular line below which the brown shading is predominant again. Verruce rather pale except I and II on abdominal segments I-IV which are dark (blackish) and form a a marked contrast to others which are slightly yellow tinged; short black pencils of feathered hair laterally from the large prothoracic wart; dorsal black hair pencils on abdominal segments I, II and VIII with very slight tufts of white plumed hairs on III and IV arising from verruca I. Of the barbed hairs the long ones are black, the others white, mostly all being longer than the hair pencils. Prolegs shaded basally and centrally with dark brown. Prothoracic plate tinged with yellowish. Not much increase in number of barbed hairs.
Stage IV.—Head black; clypeus and mouth parts whitish; overhung by white hairs arising from prothoracic plate. Body light gray tinged anteriorly with yellow;a dark,blackish dorsal stripe on mesc- and meta-thorax broadening into a more or less solid band of black on abdominal segments with segment V
56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
bright yellow-orange dorsally. Body shaded with black in supraspiracular area and with the orange-yellow subspiracular line of previous stages well marked. Lateral black hair-pencils from prothoracic warts; dorsal black pencil from abdominal segment VIII. Well developed tufts dorsally on abdominal segments I-IV, the anterior two light brown, often shading into deeper brown apically and frequently edged laterally with white plumed hairs; the two posterior tufts smaller, generally composed of white plumed hairs; tuft 3, however, often considerably tinged with light brown; in such cases tufts1 and 2 are generally smoky brown; abdominal verruce bright yellow- orange, edged at base by creamy line except verruca II of abdominal segments I-IV which is black. Long black hairs from verruce few in number; numerous shorter hairs white. Eversible glands bright coral-red. Legs yellow-orange; venter pale yellow-gray.
Amount of dark suffusion on body variable, the @ caterpillar being lighter in colour than o’.
Stage V.—Head black, with white clypeus; general ground color of body grayish caused by white suffusion on black ground with thoracic dorsal portion yellow with black centro-dorsal line; dorsum between tufts broadly black; on other abdominal segments narrowly black, in @ tinged with brown; dorsal tufts white at base, tipped broadly with light or dark chestnut-brown; black lateral anterior pencils as before; dorsal black pencil on abdominal segment VIII preceeded by a brown recurved tuft half the length of the black pencil; a distinct subspiracular orange line; verruce bright coral-red, shaded with black at base, ringed by whitish.
The @ larvz were noticeably larger than the &’s but I was unable to dis- cover that they underwent an extra moult as is generally the case in this group.
Imago &%.—Colour dark chocolate-brown with none of the chestnut-brown shades of allied species except traces around the reniform. Considerable sprink- ling of white scales rather evenly distributed over the whole wing, more especially noticeable in the apical and median areas. Usual lines well-defined and not perceptibly different in course from those of allied species; reniform more or less white-filled. Beyond the t. p. line on costa a prominent rectangular dark patch, surrounded by whitish scaling, giving rise to the irregular dark s. t. line which is more or less defined by white scaling and terminates in a small white patch above anal angle. In normally marked specimens this s. t. line is connected with the dark marginal line by a distinct dark dash through the interspace of veins 6and7. Secondaries dark chestnut-brown with a broad, darker brown marginal border of varying intensity. Expanse 27-30 mm.
Q. Wing-stumps and anterior half of abdomen smoky-gray, the posterior abdominal segments tufted with thick hairs of a blackish colour, much darker than the color found in allied species.
Holotype 1 3%, Chase, B. C., bred at Ottawa, 1920, and in Canadian National Collection. ;
Allotype1 2 , Chase, B. C., bred at Ottawa, 1920, and in National Collection.
Paratypes 4 &’s, 2 2’s, from same locality in the National Collection and in the Barnes Collection, Decatur, Illinois.
The dark tufting in the: 2 and the dark ground colour of primaries of @ together with the dark subterminal dash in interspace 6 seem to be characteristic of the species.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 57%
NOTES ON COCCID VII. (HEMIPTERA).*
BY G. F. FERRIS, Stanford University, Calif.
A REVIEW OF MACGILLIVRAY’s ““THE COCCIDA.”’
The impression seems quite generally to have prevailed (the present writer must confess to not having been immune to it) that the ability to recognize a few of our common orchard, shade tree and green-house scale insects entitles its possessor to recognition as a Coccidologist. It is, perhaps, in part this circum- stance that has been responsible for the fact that while there have been many who have written on the Coccide there have been relatively few who have had any very profound knowledge of the group. The systematic literature, although impressive in quantity, has never been so in quality, in fact only too rarely has it risen above the level of hopeless mediocrity, while all too often it has descended even to the point of utter puerility. The greatest task before the present-day students of the Coccide (and those for some time to come) is that of over- coming this handicap.
In the face of these conditions it is obvious that the character of any treat- ment of the group that is based wholly or in large part upon the literature alone will be more or less definitely predetermined. At the best it can be of a very considerable, even if but temporary, usefulness by bringing the scattered litera- ture to a focus and serving as a sort of point of departure. At the worst, if to the errors inherent in the sources from which it is drawn there be added an undue number for which the compiler is responsible, the possibility of usefulness may, to a very large extent, disappear. Not only may the task of which I have spoken above not be lightened, it may even to some extent be increased. This I consider, on the whole, to be the effect of MacGillivray’s recent book, “The Coccide.” ;
I do not need to be reminded that many of the criticisms of this book that I shall express are matters of opinion. Consequently, I may be pardoned for pointing out that as a basis for the opinions that I shall present I have avail- able what is possibly the second largest collection of Coccide in the United States, and that I have personally examined with varying degrees of thorough- ness some hundreds of species in the group. On the other hand, MacGillivray very clearly indicates in the preface of his book that it is based chiefly upon the literature alone, and it is obvious from the text that his acquaintance with the insects themselves is relatively limited. Even the air of profundity im- parted by the special terminology employed and the appearance of authority with which the material is presented cannot entirely conceal this fact.
I cannot in any paper of reasonable length deal in great detail with the book. Anextended analysis must wait upon revisional studies of the various groups, and I am presenting here a consideration only of the more obvious errors and of the conclusions in which I differ most widely from MacGillivray. It is, for instance, no part of my intention to consider the many typographical errors and other evidences of carelessness, such for example as the constant misspelling of Antonina (pages 122, 123, 145, 146, 476) and ariditatis (pages 182 and 476).
*Continued from Canadian Entomologist 52:65. (1920.) March, 1921
58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
The most objectionable feature of the book is the great number of new genera that have been proposed in the subfamily Diaspidine, practically all of which are based upon species that in all probability the author has never seen. That many new genera are needed in this group is undeniable, yet before the wholesale naming of them is undertaken there should first be a careful review of the types of the existing genera, and the whole work should be based upon an examination of specimens. The naming of new genera upon the basis of printed descriptions alone is not likely even under the most favorable conditions to be especially helpful. When done under the conditions prevailing in the literature of this group and in such wholesale fashion as attempted by Mac- Gillivray it is little short of disastrous. The peculiar results that can thus be obtained will be discussed in connection with this subfamily.
It is not probable that anything approaching unanimity of opinion con- cerning the general classification of the Coccide will be arrived at for many years to come. There remain too many questions, such for instance as the taxonomic value of the various types of ducts and pores, that are still to be investigated. Doubtless, too, the discovery of new forms will profoundly change some of the present conceptions. As it is, even with the specimens before one, there are many points concerning which the cautious student will hesitate to express an opinion. Yet there are some things that are fairly clear and concerning which an opinion may be hazarded.
My own personal preference would be to regard the Coccide as a super- family in the belief that a more expressive classification can thereby be ob- tained. However, this is a minor point. What is really desirable is to obtain a division into groups that will approximate a natural arrangement and that are somewhere near equal rank. This I consider that MacGillivray’s proposed seventeen subfamilies do not do. I am unable to see that his arrangement is any special improvement over the classifications that have preceded it.
It is my contention that MacGillivray’s six subfamilies, Monophlebine, Kuwaniine, Xylococcine, Margarodine, Callapappine and Ortheziine taken together constitute a group that is equivalent in rank to, for instance, the sub- family Diaspidine. In working over the Coccide I have been impressed with the feeling that the group is at once extraordinarily conservative and extra- ordinarily plastic, and in no place is this paradoxical condition shown to better advantage than in the six groups mentioned above. There is throughout this group of species a persistent adherence to a certain fairly definite general type, coupled at the same time with aberrations of the most remarkable characters. It is the adherence to this general type and not the aberrations to which I am inclined to accord the most weight.
This group as a whole is characterized by the presence of abdominal spiracles. It is true that in many of the species they have not been recorded, yet there is good reason to believe that this is due simply to deficient observa- tion. In but two genera, Nipponorthezia and Newsteadia, each with a single species, do they appear positively to be lacking.
MacGillivray in his key to the subfamilies (pp. 58, 59) separates the Ortheziine from the other groups named above on the basis of the presence of an anal ring and anal ring sete. As a matter of fact the anal ring is some- times developed in the Monophlebinz, being well developed but simple in
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 59
Llaveia bouvari (Sign.) and even more strongly developed with a distinct ten- dency toward a cellular condition in Greenella dalbergie (Green), although it bears no sete. MacGillivray further States (p. 106) that the ‘‘pilacerores’’ are peculiar to the Ortheziine. Yet they constitute one of the points allying this group with the Monophlebine for exactly the same structures are present in, for instance, Aspidoproctus maximus Newst. and an apparently undescribed species of Walkeriana as well as in other species. Furthermore, the presence of compound eyes in the male of Orthezia is additional evidence to the same end.
The Kuwaniine, Callapappine, Margarodine and Xylococcine are separ- ated from the Monophlebine by the absence of mouthparts in the adult female. Yet in five of the six genera included by MacGillivray in the first named group the mouthparts are present in the adult female, a fact that one drawing con- clusions from the literature alone would not be aware of because of deficiencies in the published descriptions. I have elsewhere pointed out that in Xylococcus macrocarpe Coleman the mouthparts are at times developed in the adult female.
The extraordinary development of the anterior legs in the genus Margarodes is apparently an adaptive character. Certainly it is hardly sufficient to justify the recognition of this genus as constituting a group equivalent in rank to the Diaspine. I have seen no examples of the Callapappinae, but judging’from the descriptions they too are of a Monophleboid type.
It is, of course, obvious that the group formed by the union of these six so-called subfamilies is capable of being subdivided, but this will need to be done on lines somewhat different from those that have previously been employed and on the basis of an examination of material.
In the description of the Monophlebine (p. 62) it is stated that the adult female never possesses an anal tube with. ‘‘anacerores.’’ Such a tube is well developed in Gueriniella, which MacGillivray includes in this group. He also includes under this subfamily the remarkable genus Stictococcus. I am unable to see in this anything of a Monophleboid character, and would rather adopt Lindinger’s view, that it constitutes a separate subfamily.
Under the subfamily Kuwaniine the new genus Americoccus is proposed for Matsucoccus fasciculensis Herbert. I have at hand specimens of this and of M. matsumure (Kuwana), and cannot concur in the erection of this genus.
Concerning the restoration of the name Coccus to the genus which in the Fernald Catalogue is called Dactylopius, | cannot comment as the literature upon which a decision depends is not available. I may remark, however, that as Mrs. Fernald’s work gives every evidence of having been carefully done, I should be inclined to accept her conclusions, at least until a careful review and restatement of the case has been made. With MacGillivray’s assignment of this genus to a position between the Ortheziine and the other Monophleboid forms I cannot agree. While it may very well constitute a group by itself it possesses tubular ducts of the type that occur in Eriococcus and related forms and that I have not seen in any of the Monophleboid forms that I have ex- amined. The association of Epicoccus with this genus is dubious.
I have never been privileged to examine specimens of the female of Phena- coleachia but I have at hand males sent me by Professor Cockerell as belonging
60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
to P. zealandica. On the basis of these males and of the meager description given by Maskell I should regard this genus as a Pseudococcine form of the general type of Puto. The males of these two genera are practically ident‘cal. I see no reason for retaining the subfamily Phenacoleachiine.
The subfamily Eriococcine as understood by MacGillivray is certainly an unnatural group, and as he has indicated (p. 126) includes at least two groups of genera. MacGillivray’s remarks (pp. 122-3) indicate that he is not aware that the dorsal ostioles or “‘labiz’’ do not occur in Eriococcus and the genera related to it. They are in fact confined to the genera of which Pseudococcus may be taken as the type, and I regard their possession as of sufficient im- portance to justify a distinction between these two groups. On the other hand, MacGillivray has excluded from the Eriococcine the genus Kermes, which I regard as strictly Eriococcine. I shall consider this point under the discussion of the subfamily Kermesine.
The subfamily or group associated with Eriococcus includes the following genera of the position of which I feel sufficiently sure to hazard an opinion: Atriplicia, Cryptococcus, Eriococcus, Fonscolombia, Gymnococcus, Gossyparia, Kermes, Micrococcus, Olliffiella, Rhizococcus and Xerococcus. The group as- sociated with Pseudococcus contains the following: Antonina (= Chaetococcus), Cryptoripersia, Erium, Geococcus, Helicoccus, Heterococcus, Lachnodius (at least in part), Macrocepicoccus, Natacoccus, Natalensia, Nesococcus, Phenacoccus, Porococcus, Pseudococcus, Puto (= Ceroputo = Macrocerococcus), Ripersia, Riper- stella, Rhizoecus, Sphaerococcus, Trionymus and Tylococcus.
Ehrhornia, Paludicoccus and Kuwanina are of doubtful affinities, but I feel sure do not belong in either of the above groups. Cuissococcus, as I have pointed out in an earlier number of these notes is a Lecaniine form. The species described by Ehrhorn as Cissocossus (?) oahuensis has since been referred by Ehrhorn to a new genus, Phyllococcus, which has been overlooked by Mac- Gillivray. I have at hand specimens of this species but prefer not to express any opinion as to its relationships.
The other genera included by MacGillivray in his Eriococcine I have not seen specimens of, nor in some cases the descriptions, and I refrain from com- menting upon them.
I may note a misstatement on page 142. It is there said that ‘Ferris believes that the American Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrh. is congeneric’’ with Coccura comari (Sulc). It is Heliococcus bohemicus Sule with which I have compared P. stachyos.
In regard to the Tachardiine I may simply note that the statement that the body is not provided with pores, ‘‘cerores,’’ or with tubular ducts, ‘‘ceratube,”’ except on the stigmatic and anal processes is entirely erroneous as an examina- tion of carefully stained specimens wiil quickly show. MacGillivray has adopted Cockerell’s groups and although these will stand they will not do so on the basis of the characters used.
The keys and discussion of the Lecaniinze are based entirely upon the literature and no new genera are named. I may note only that the anomalous genus Aclerda, which probably does not belong in this group is included with- out special comment, and that it is stated (p. 175) that in this genus the anal cleft and opercula are wanting. The anal cleft is present and bears at its anterior
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 61
end a single undivided plate. Also no mention is made of the fact that in Physokermes the opercula are wanting in the adult female, in fact (p. 175) it is said that the adult female has the ‘‘opercula prominent, swollen, dorsal in position.’’ Thestructures referred to are not the opercula, which are lacking in this stage.
Concerning the Asterolecaniine I shall note only that to it is referred the genus Olliffiella. I reaffirm the opinion which I have formerly expressed, that this species is closely related to Kermes and should accompany the latter where- ever it may be placed.
The subfamily Kermesine is based upon the single genus Kermes. As I have previously indicated I regard this genus as strictly Eriococcine, and see no reason for the subfamily Kermesine. I may note that MacGillivray’s statement (p. 191) that the anal ring is wanting in the adult female is erroneous. In K. cockerelli, kingii, nigropunctatus and vermilio, at least, the anal ring is well developed in the adult female, although it bears no setz.
(To be continued.) A SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENERA
MELANOCHELIA RONDANI AND LIMNOPHORA R.-D.
(DIPTERA, ANTHOMYIIDé-.) BY J. R. MALLOCH, Urbana, Ill.
This group is the Limnophora of authors, the name Limnophora being applicable to the species which have the prosternum and base of third vein setulose; the other segregate requires a change of name and apparently Rondani’s name must be. used.
The species of Melanochelia occur most commonly in the north and usually along the margins of lakes or streams. Limnophora occurs more commonly in the south, many species being found in the tropics throughout the world, and even very frequently on small islands far removed from the large land masses. The larve are, so far as I know, aquatic.
Melanochelia Rondani. KrEyY TO SPECIES.
1. Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; halteres yel- HEY CEES DUSOREHD ) oro Sree as MOEN ee a es Phe See cae tarde sich sabaen seme Ue — Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentra! bristles; halteres black Re REM RD aeniocaes Pe ete Pea crock sme Reon Gives ass cgi be mai kee shee rmanconrs¥ ashe 13. — Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles...................... 19. Orbital hairs descending much below level of base of antennz; facial ridges haired about midway to base of antennze; basal abdominal ne, Bylo) ea eel ath Red pn EATS RD ey AL i Lispoides aequalis (Stein). — Orbital hairs not descending below base of antenn@...................c::ceeeeeee oi Basal abdominal sternite with some setulose hairs; fourth wingvein usually slightly curved forward at apex...........0.....0000006 Eulimnophora Malloch. se Ueree Pe CURICICMLEMNTCAL SEGLITITE [VALE .c.0- foc. icc atc ccsoeccd-caeans ons coeeh va v-raghbesdecsee- oneeososbe 4, Eyes of male separated by much less than distance across posterior ocelli; sternopleurals 1:1; anterior acrostichals in two series; hind tibia with
one anterodorsal and one anteroventra! bristle.......... torreye Johannsen. March, 1921
Nw
Mo
=
62
or
=I
CO
c&
10.
i:
12,
13.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST |
Eyes of male separated by as great a distance as width across posterior
ocelli; characters not in all respects as abOVE.........ic...c:::cccseceeeeanteesesuens 5. DUAL CS citdija ss ial. su ekeal joao ae ah ere ea A TE a. UO Rr neste Stas, Pe 6. tae. 5... Luvscubgheennl ebaheye Spain fete Sept ae MAME oe 'rosichacacstlateacee pant ae aan 11,
Calyptre dark brown; eyes separated by one-third of the head-width; frons velvety black; hind femur with bristles on entire length of postero- ventral gurfaces cp we dcited Rol ARE meme Tibco velutina Malloch.
Calyptre whitish or yellowish; species not as EBave i in other respects....... rf:
Small species, not over 4 mm. in length, densely white pruinescent; pre- sutural acrostichals strong, two-rowed; females of known species without paired spots on abdomen, and the genitalia with two or four short: thorns ‘at apematis 225.54. jus eh ee ed. «. - ead eee Bi.
Larger species, over 5 mm. in length, brownish gray pruinescent; presutural acrostichals in at least three series; females without thorns on genitalia... ... DELCO AS OMICRY (REA TT Zs PEMMIME Say or VB) rT Vi Mad ENOL es Gm 9.
Fourth abdominal tergite distinctly longer than third; cheek but little higher than width of parafacial at base of antenna; abdomen silvery, third tergite without paired spots........:.......:4.008:. argentiventris Malloch.
Fourth abdominal tergite not longer than third; cheek twice as high as width of parafacial at base of antenna; abdomen whitish gray, not silvery, third tergite with a pair of small spots......brevicornis Malloch.
Hind femora with long bristles on antero- and posteroventral surfaces, those on the latter finer than on the former, and not extending to BIBS: cocks Macias sales aud 1 outa tates nares emer nove-angle Malloch.
Hind femora with at most very short bristles on posteroventral surface, those on anteroventral long and strong, but confined to apical half....10.
Hind femur with a number of short, erect bristles on median portion of posteroventral surface; eyes separated by less than width across posterior ocelli; each orbit as wide as interfrontalia....gibsont Malloch.
Hind femur without median posteroventral bristles; eyes separated by width across posterior ocelli; each orbit about half as wide as
meericontalias (2... to iusdie gaged ey pee er oe eae monticola Malloch. Lower calyptra hardly protruding beyond upper; costal setule longer than @iameter vol icostal wen 68 oe cehe ak 2 he ice ee eee obsoleta Malloch. Lower calyptra projecting much beyond upper; costal setule not as long as ‘diameterof costal Wein a enuci.cah ones ee ne ee 12.
Small species, not over 4 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with grayish white pruinescence, without dorsal spots; genitalia of female with some. strong apicdlithorns 6 2s ee Gente ren brevicornis Malloch.
Larger species, averaging over 5 mm. in length; thorax and abdomen with brownish pruinescence, the former vittate, the latter with paired aipalepots..cg203, ke Seem a ee anes) nse ae nobilis Stein.
Presutural acrostichals consisting of two very closely placed, rather irregular series of short setulae; abdomen with a linear dorsocentral black vitta and black paired dorsal spots; basal segment of hind tarsus a little less than half as long as hind tibia; basal separation of antennz liean:,.. teeth Aare th Veta ee treet RA Li attra ea ites, tetracheta Malloch,
Presutural acrostichals consisting of four or more series of fine hairs;
~
14.
Le.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 63
abdomen with paired dorsal spots which are sometimes fused or without distinct spots, and never with a dorsocentral vitta................ 14. Calyptre exceptionally small, the lower one not twice as large as the upper; abdomen with the dorsal spots so greatly enlarged as to cover the entire dorsum except the extreme posterior margin of each tergite; costal hairs setulose, very distinctly longer than diameter of costal vein; vibrissal angle not noticeably produced beyond line of base of Saihi sayy onc UAE Ge Mee ee SMS Bons corr Ee obsoleta Malloch. Calyptre large, the lower one twice as large as the upper; abdomen with distinct paired dorsal spots; costal setulae minute; if the abdomen is indistinctly spotted the vibrissal angle is produced much beyond a
teeegertical line drawm-from base of antennae.) ..1)...2.00A we a 15. Vibrissal angle but little produced, almost in vertical line with base of RELTMAE MAIL AS As TRIVIA oie PM aur. 0h Ls Lense “aur pbcke NDS iy ten hn dd Re a TR CER DIR ERA 2 16. Vibrissal angle very conspicuously produced beyond vertical line from iressenciay ath CMTS 25.014 29.04 208 ea eee 054 a cn ct Re een Lis
Small species, not 4 mm. in length; abdomen unspotted. the entire bedy with whitish pruinescence; genitalia with 4 short
PRmeria Bh is. 1352.1 CO ee See, tnd aa brevicornis Malloch. Larger species at least 5 mm. in length; abdomen with large black paired spots, the entire — with brownish pruinescence.............. nobilis Stein.
Hind femur with 4 or 5 moderately stout, long bristles on apical two-fifths of anteroventral surface; last section of fourth vein three times as long as preceding section; veins 2 and 4 up to outer cross-vein and both cross-veins tinged with brown along their courses.......... pearyi Malloch.
Hind femur with long, hair-like bristles from base to apex on antero- ventral surface; last section of fourth vein less than twice as long as preceding section; veins not tinged with brown...........0.........6::ee 18.
Large species, at least 6 mm. in length; female orbits with rather dense bristly hairs laterad of the bristles; the hairs almost as long as the bristles; wings of male rather pointed at apices.......... angulata Malloch.
Smaller species, not over 4.75 mm. in length; female with short sparse hairs laterad of the bristles on orbits; wings of male rounded at
oN Gi 6 cL Rae pee be ee ad NEES eae OREN ORS. (ar ¥ CNEL Aiea Te bat Fe) extensa Malloch. Calyptre dark brown; wings distinctly infuscated; eyes of male separated by much less than width across posterior ocelli................. anthrax Bigot. Calyptre whitish; halteres yellow; wings usually clear...................0.:0005- 20.
Eyes separated by almost one-third of the head-width; hind femur without posteroventral bristles; the paired dorsal abdominal spots with a
connecting brown patch between them.......................005: carolt Malloch. Eyes separated by much less than one-third of the head-width; abdominal CIES VARS 1G gsi 1) age: 0 0) ee ee ei Ba es 28 | OR Ree eo 1. Hind tibia with one or more setule at or near middle on posterodorsal 0 SSeS ey 22 ae ORES O0 OA IODA DCSE ber BO, OE Ae 2 22. Hind tibia without setule on posterodorsal surface. eit Pe eae
Tibiz pale, reddish; wings clear, veins pale; Bbipneh:s narrow, faylinducal the dorsal spots of moderate size, widely separated; fore tibia with a mechan posterior bristle ..!: 2)... 2k ia en. -......suspecta Malloch.
64
25.
26.
27.
bw
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Tibie black; wings usually infuscated, more distinctly so basally, veins black; abdomen ovate except in alticola, the dorsal spots large, separ- ated by a linear space; fore tibia without a median posterior bristle EXGeDt In aHCOla., aAsrr8 Se isc kV RE ES. 0) gaa AR Rt 23.
Eyes separated by more than twice the width across posterior ocelli; hind femur with long bristly hairs on basal half of posteroventral surface....24.
Eyes separated by less than twice the width across posterior ocelli........ 25.
Fifth abdominal sternite with a chitinous protuberance near apex on each side of posterior excavation; mid femur without strong bristles at base ion posteroventral surface..........0:0.enie es. acuticornis Malloch.
Fifth abdominal sternite without such protuberance; mid femur with strong bristles on basal half of posteroventral Sunfares essen Dt RAG a surda Zetterstedt?.
Abdomen cylindrical, slightly tapered apically; hind femur with long bristly hairs on basal half of posteroventral surface; eyes separated by more than width across posterior ocelli....................006. alticola Malloch.
Abdomen ovate; hind femur without long bristly hairs on posteroventral surface; eyes separated by less than width across posterior ocelli......26.
Fifth abdominal sternite with sparse setulose hairs laterad and distad of base of posterior excision; abdominal dorsal spots separated by a hiniear Space s/fy55 Rees Wee Sees magnipunctata Malloch.
Fifth abdominal sternite with very dense short setule laterad and distad of base of posterior excavation; the dorsal abdominal spots on third and fourth tergites rather widely separated, much more so than those OMWSECOr ds, i adh. TRS AUR i a ED. - MO one a ocae
Thorax when viewed from behind with the anterior half of disc brownish black, the posterior half densely gray pruinescent; abdominal dorsal spots narrow, elongate, sometimes linear; mid tibia without an antero- dorsal bristle; hind femur unarmed on posteroventral MEL AGe 2 eee UE ected ea Rae HO, ee hee Saeed clivicola Malloch.
Thorax deep black when viewed from behind, only the posterior margin grayish pruinescent; abdominal dorsal spots large and broad; mid tibia with one or more anterodorsal bristles; hind femur with some short, stout bristles on median third of posteroventral Sumlace we eT NACA LE ee eR eo eee gibsont Malloch |
Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy. KEY TO SPECIES.
Fifth abdominal sternite in male much longer than fourth; male hind femur incrassated at base and apeX..............:::00:c0 incrassata Malloch. Fifth abdominal sternite in male not longer than fourth; femora normal..2. Eyes of male narrowly separated, the frons not wider than third antennal segment; first posterior cell of wing much narrowed 2) 0 C1 | Bie ee ea Rene In are ebeer tro 0 SCS pe ET a narona Walker. Eyes of male separated by more than width of third antennal segment; first posterior cell of wing almost imperceptibly narrowed apically....3. Female with an anterodorsal bristle on mid tibia........ groenlandica Malloch. Female without an anterodorsal bristle on mid tibia................ discreta Stein.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 65
FURTHER NOTES ON EVENING FLOWERS, PANURGINE AND HALICTINE BEES.
BY ©. A. STEVENS, Agricultural College, N. D.
The present paper is supplementary to two previously published on these
forms (Can. Ent. 51:205-210, Ent. News 31:35-44). Through the kind co- operation of my friend Dr. J. F. Brenckle I was able to make a fourth visit to the sand hills near Sheldon, North Dakota, and succeeded in obtaining the females of Hesperapis carinata and Perdita tridentata.* Notes on nesting of Agapostemon splendens were also secured and these with data on the other species and of Augochlora in North Dakota are presented. I am inclined to regard these two groups as subgenera of Halictus as has been done by Ducke and Viereck.
No further data of interest on other panurgine bees in North Dakota has been obtained, but the absence of Greeleyella at Rugby might be noted. It was looked for there on June 30th to July 4th, but is doubtless an austral species which does not extend quite that far (see Am. Journ. Bot. 7:231—242 for notes on distribution of plants in the state).
Hesperapis carinata Stevens.
1919. Hesperapis carinata Stevens, Can. Ent. 51:209, male.
Female.—Length about 12 mm. Very similar to male but stouter, hair bands of abdomen prominent and cream coloured. Face sub-quadrate, sparsely hairy on occiput, sides, around antenne bases, sides and anterior edge of clypeus; clypeus bare or nearly so on median part, shining, rather finely but not very closely punctured; vertex smooth and shining, antenne reddish beneath, browner above, mandibles toothed.
‘Mesoscutum inclined to be bare medially with a few, short, dark hairs. A well developed scopa of rather stiff, short-branched hairs on posterior tibia and basitarsus (femur and trochanter with only a few short hairs) that of the basi- tarsus distinctly parted on posterior edge (Fig. 1-b). . Sixth dorsal segment narrowed, truncate, somewhat concave with a low raised triangle on basal middle (Fig. 1-c); laterally this segment is pubescent as in the male, the dorsal concave surface slightly striate. Wing nervures a variable pale brown, darker than in the male.
Nine specimens at flowers of Helianthus petiolaris in the sand hills near Sheldon, North Dakota, Aug. 21, 1920. Allotype No. 12688. When first attempting in 1916 to determine this bee, I was much puzzled as to its generic position, unless it belonged in Hesperapis of which I had neither descriptions nor specimens. Prof. Cockerell reported it as a new species of Halictoides. Mr. J. C. Crawford, however, when specimens were sent to the U.S. National Museum, wrote that it was a Hesperapis and called attention to the Y-shaped carina as distinctive. The general appearance of both sexes is much that of a Colletes. The stigma is poorly developed and is pale medially. The scopa is not similar to our other panurgines and the cleft in that of the basitarsus is unique as far as I know.
*Types and allotypes of these are in U. S, Nat. Mus.; a paratype and metatype of Hes- perapis, metatypes of Hesperapis, Perdita and Halictus oenothere in Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila. March, 1921
66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
The type of Hesperapis (H. larre Ckll.) was described as parasitic, but Prof. Cockerell writes that such idea was erroneous. None of the carinata females were carrying a full load of pollen, although two seem to have a small amount which had been moistened. I believe it is a regular Helianthus bee and that it was yet early for them to be collecting. The day was not very favorable although some species of Perdita and Andrena were busily collecting on the sunflowers. None of the females had been found on a warm, windy afternoon two days before (two males on each day). This, the fourth visit to the place, was made later this year, bearing in mind the general rule of protandry and the extreme case of the closely related Rhophites as cited by Friese (Zool. Jahr., 1890). Several males were taken Aug. 10, 1919, inactive on the sun- flowers’ heads all day.
Fig. 1. Hesperapis carinata, female; a, forewing; b, hind basitarsus in cross-section; c, sixth dorsal segment of abdomen.
Perdita tridentata Stevens. 1919. Perdita tridentata Stevens, Can. Ent. 51:206, male.
Female.—Length about 6 mm. Similar to the male; head and thorax bronzed greenish blue, clypeus, legs and abdomen dark brown. Face without yellow markings, mandibles reddish, antennae yellowish beneath, brownish above; abdomen with transverse yellow spots on second and third segments, the first usually with smaller ones; fore tibiz with a yellow stripe.
Sixteen specimens at Helianthus petiolaris in the sand hills near Sheldon, N. D., Aug. 28, 1920. Allotype No. 12662. The spots on first segment are sometimes absent or nearly so, sometimes proportionately as large as the others, which are separated by a space about equal to their length. The females were collecting pollen. It took also 5 males, and on Aug. 10, 1919, at same place on the same flowers, 2 males.
This seems to be close to sexmaculata Ckll. (1895) and its var. punctata Ckll. (1896), but I judge probably distinct. It has no spots on segment 4, mandibles not yellow, stigma hyaline medially, cubital and discoidal nervures not especially produced, tarsi all dark. Mr. E. T. Cresson Jr., has compared specimens with the type of sexmaculata and reports: ‘‘tridentata has more granulose bronze vestiture; the other being polished with scarcely any bronze. Sexmaculata abdominal spots are round or slightly transverse, and are also present on segs. 4-5. Its fore tibia are yellow in front and black behind.”’
Agapostemon viridulus (Fab.) Fargo, Nicholson, Monango, Glen Ullin, Mott, Marmarth, Dickinson
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 67
and Minot; 26 females, June 25, July 1, 3, 4, 7, 14, 16, 18, 25 and 27 at flowers of Brauneria pallida, Carduus undulatus, Lactuca pulchella, Onagra strigosa, Opuntia humifusa, Petalostemon purpurea, Rosa, Sisymbrium altissimum and Taraxacum taraxacum; 5 males, Sept. 15, 20, and 25 at flowers of Aster chinensis, A. paniculatus and Helianthus maximiliant.
Agapostemon radiatus (Say).
Fargo and Mandan; 14 females, May 14, 26, June 17, 26, Aug. 7, Sept. 8 at flowers of Dracocephalum parviflorum, Erigeron philadelphicus, Oxalis stricta, Physalis ixiocarpa, Ribes missouriensis, Rosa, Salix, Symphoricarpos occi- dentalis and Taraxacum taraxacum; 21 males, Aug. 7, 11, 13, 25, Sept. 6, 8, 11, 15, 18, 27 and Oct. 15, at flowers of Aster paniculatus, A. sagittifolius, Bidens frondosa, B. vulgata, Grindelia squarrosa, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Physalis ixtocarpa and Physostegia parviflora.
Also females from Minneapolis, Minnesota, at Aquilegia (Nevada S. Evans), Webster City, Iowa, on Syringa vulgaris (J. R. Campbell), and Blue Rapids, Kansas, Oxalis stricta (Edna M. Stevens); a male from Blue Rapids at Helianthus tuberosus.
Agapostemon texanus (Cress.).
Fargo, Venlo, Lisbon, Nicholson, Monango, Oakes, Kulm, Gascoyne, Bowman, Valley City, Jamestown, Mandan, Glen Ullin, Mott, Dickinson, Washburn, Pleasant Lake, Minot, Williston, and Schafer; 92 females, Apr. 29 Mayioell 13; 17, June 24,5, 14, 16,26, 28, July 1,3, 4; 7; 10, 11, 18; 21.25, Gos, Aue.:9, 12: 43. 17, Sept. 5,, 10; 17, Oct.’ 22 and -31- at flowers of Aster ‘chinensis, Brassica arvensis, Brauneria pallida, Cactus viviparus, Carduus undu- latus, Centaurea jacea, Cerastium arvense, Chrysopsis villosa, Dracocephalum parviflorum, Erysimum asperum, Gaillardia aristata, Gaura coccinea, Grindelia squarrosa, Helianthus annuus (cult.), H. petiolaris, Homalobus tenellus, Lactuca pulchella, Malvastrum coccineum, Medicago falcata, M. sativa, Onagra strigosa, Opuntia humifusa, Pentstemon albidus, P. gracilis, Prunus americana, Ratibida columnaris, Ribes setosum, Rosa, Rudbeckia laciniata, Senecio perplexus, Spirea salicifolia, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Taraxacum taraxacum, and Trifolium repens; 3/ males Aug. 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 24; 25, 30, 31, Sept. 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 27, Oct. 1, 14, 22, 27 at flowers of Allionia hirsuta, Aster chinensis, A. laevis, A. multiflorus, A. paniculatus, Boltonia asterioides, Centaurea jacea, Erucastrum pollichi, Grindelia squarrosa, Gutierrezia sarothre, Helianthus maximiliant, Physalis ixiocarpa, Physostegia parviflora and Sideranthus spinulosus.
This is by far the most common species of the group in North Dakota and one of the most common bees. The earliest Fargo record which I have is Apr. 29, 1913, (C. H. Waldron). The October records are all in 1915, but the past year a male was seen Oct. 20, and both sexes quite abundant in the early part of the month, the fall having been mild except for one heavy frost on Sept. 29.
A single female from: Ft. Douglas, Utah, (J. F. Brenckle, May 5, 1918, at Balsamorrhiza sagittata) differs somewhat in the sculpture of the propodeum. It has a fairly distinct enclosure, from which run laterally about a dozen promi- nent ridges, converging slightly on the angle.
I have also 6 females from Denver, Colo., 3 at Cleome serrulata and 1 at Sisymbrium altissimum (Edna M. Stevens, July 5, 1915). Two of these and
68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
one or two of the North Dakota specimens show rather straight, coarse ridges on the propodeum, on the rest it is more reticulate with fine ridges, an enclosure often suggested but not well developed.
Agapostemon splendens (Lep.).
Fargo, 3 females Oct. 15, 21 and 27, 1915, at Grindelia squarrosa and Tara- xacum taraxacum,; Sheldon, Aug. 28 and 30, 1920; 5 females; 5 males at Sheldon, Aug. 10, 1918, and one at Sentinel Butte Aug. 30, 1914. The male from Sentinel Butte and one of those from Sheldon have the first abdominal segment entirely black at base instead of yellowish medially.
In the sand hills near Sheldon this bee was found nesting on the sides of a “blow out’’ where the sand was fairly stable and sparsely covered with grass tufts. A female was seen at a hole so I decided to attempt an excavation of a similar opening. The one selected showed particles of pollen near the opening. The shaft proved to be about 8 mm. in diameter and vertical for about 1 m. Here it was lost but a lateral was found which extended irregularly somewhat backward and downward for about 3 dm. Two other similar branches, sup- posedly of the same shaft were found, the second about 6 cm. below the first. An enlargement of the end of the branch formed the single cell which was smooth within but fell to pieces at a touch. A ball of pollen found in No. 2 was nearly spherical, 8 mm. in diameter. The first contained pollen but was disturbed in digging, the second apparently spoiled pollen.
Three other nests were opened and in each the female was found working on the vertical shaft, two at a depth of 1 m., and one at 1.5 m. Many other similar openings were seen, perhaps one or two per meter in suitable parts of the bank. Some were open, some closed, usually surrounded by a very small handful of sand.
Augochlora confusa (Rob.).
This is not at all common. I took at Fargo a female at Hydrophyllum, virgintcum, another at Zizia aurea on June 14, 1913; one at Grindelia squarrosa, Aug. 17, 1911. On June 23, 1917, I found them quite abundant, collecting pollen of Erigeron philadelphicus; on Aug. 25, and Sept. 11 of same year com- mon at Aster paniculatus, also A. laevis, Solidago canadensis, and Vernonia jasciculata; males at Helianthus maximiliani, H. tuberosus, and Solidago cana- rensis.
Halictus texanus (Cress.).
My sister, Edna M. Stevens, sent me females taken at Blue Rapids, Kans., May 30, 1920, the same place that I found them the year before (Ent. News 31:36). She found them abundant at the Megapterium flowers about 7.30 p.m., but saw only one at 8.30. On June 10, at another place about two miles distant she found them at 8.30, a single one at Achillea millefolium.
Halictus oenotherz (Stevens). Three females, May 30, 1920 (with the fexanus), one bearing a full load of pollen as I have described for fexanus. Halictus aberrans (Crawford).
A small amount of data relative to time of flight (females only) and opening of Gaura coccinea flowers was obtained the past season at Rugby, N. D.
. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 69
June 29,6 p.m.—flowers opening, bees active. ae. 6 ‘‘ —hbees less active; sunset at 8.40. 30, 7-8 a.m.—a few bees. ‘30,5 p.m.—no flowers open, several bees